Chapter 4

Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Assimilation and Accomodation

Disequilibrium and Equilibration

Stages of Cognitive Development– Sensorimotor Thinking– Preoperational Thinking

Sub-stages of the Sensorimotor Stage

Exercising reflexes– e.g., sucking a nipple

Primary Circular Reaction– Learning to adapt– Pleasure & own body– e.g., thumb sucking

Secondary Circular Reaction– Making interesting events– Environment and pleasure– e.g., shaking a toy to hear a sound

Sensorimotor Sub-Stages Continued…

Behaving intentionally– e.g., moving an obstacle to reach a toy

Tertiary Circular Reaction– Experimenting– Different Objects/Different Outcomes– e.g., shaking different toys to hear the

sounds they make

Symbolic Processing– e.g., eating pretend food with pretend fork

Pre-Operational Thinking

Egocentrism

Animism

Irreversibility

Appearance as Reality

Information Processing

General principles

Attention

Memory

Quantitative knowledge– 3 principles

Quantitative Knowledge

One-To-One Principle

Stable Order Principle

Cardinality Principle

Learning

Zone of Proximal Development– Differences b/w what a child can do

with and without assistance

Scaffolding – Gauging amount of assistance to offer

depending on learner’s needs

Private Speech– Comments not intended for others– Used by kids to regulate own behavior

Language

Road to SpeechPerceiving Speech

– Phonemes = basic building blocks of language, including vowels and consonant sounds

– Habituation = when an infant gets tired of a repetitive action like sucking

Steps to Speech

Cooing 3 Months

Babbling 4-5 Months

Intonation 7 Months

Styles of Learning Language

Referential– When use words that dominate others

b/c they are familiar names, objects, or actions

Expressive – Include some names but also many

social phrases that are used like a single word

– e.g., Go Away

From 2 Words to Complex Sentences

Telegraphic Speech– Involves words of key meaning and

importanceGrammatical Morphemes

– Words or ending of words that make a sentence grammatical

– Ability begins in preschool years

Communicating with Others

3 Key Elements1. Take turns speaking and listening

2. Speak effectively– Remarks should be clear and from own

perspective

3. Listen well– Pay attention and let speaker know if their

remarks make sense

First Words & Many More

Words as Symbols– Understand words as symbols at 18-24

months

Fast Mapping of Words– Underextensions = define word too narrowly– Overextensions = define word too broadly

Encourage Language Growth