chapter 4: heredity section1- genetics life science lesson plan
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4: HereditySection1- Genetics
Life Science
Lesson Plan
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Inheriting Traits Create a short list of characteristics
about yourself…
What is another name for these characteristics?
TRAITS
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Heredity Heredity is the passing of traits from
parents to offspring.
Inherited Traits- Traits that are passed from parents to their offspring (through fertilization)
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Genes are passed… but what are genes?
Genes are sections of DNA on a chromosome.
These genes on chromosomes control the traits that show up in an organism.– There are thousands of genes on a
chromosome
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Alleles are different forms of a trait that a gene may contain.– There are 2 alleles for each gene– 1 from mom and 1 from dad
Example: Height– 1 allele is tall– 1 allele is small
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Allelesalleles
a gene
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B. Genetics- is the study of inherited traits.
1. Gregor Mendel- The Father of Genetics “The Man”
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Mendel’s Experiment Mendel studied the traits of Pea Plants
– Look Page 105
Crossed 2 Plants with different expressions of the trait – Example- Tall (T)& Short (t)– Round R & Wrinkled r
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Mendel’s Experiment When the plants were crossed he
discovered that the new plant formed looked like one of the two parents.
Take a look…
Mendel’s Tall vs. Short Plants
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VOCABULARY 3. Purebreds- offspring receives the
two same alleles for a trait (TT or tt)
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VOCABULARY
4. Hybrids- offspring receives two different alleles for a trait (Tt)
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2 Types of Allelesa. Dominant allele- covers up
or dominates the other traitRepresented by a Capital Letter
b. Recessive allele- the trait seems to disappear Represented by a lower-case letter
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“Homo”zygous – an organism with 2 alleles for one trait that are the same (written TT)
“Hetero”zygous – an organism with 2 alleles for one trait that are different (written Tt)
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Genotype- the genetic-makeup of an organism (types of letters used)
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Phenotype- the way an organism physically looks/behaves as a result of its genotype.
Types of Words used: Tall, Short, Blonde, Brown, etc.
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The Use of Punnett Squares
A Punnett Square can help you predict what an offspring will look like.
“What’s the Probability of the baby’s gender?”
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A Punnett Square can help you predict what an offspring will look like
1. Monohybrid: Offspring of parents that differ in only one genetic characteristic
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Monohybrid Cross:GG x gg
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DYHIBRID CROSSES
2. Dyhybrid: Offspring of parents that differ in TWO genetic characteristic
***USE FOIL to separate the combinations
F – FIRST
O – OUTSIDE
I – INSIDE
L – LAST
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DIHYBRID EXAMPLETall & Green
TtGg x TtGg
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DIHYBRID EXAMPLE #2Brown hair vs Blonde hairAaBb x aaBb
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Chapter 4Part 2- Genetics Since
Mendel
Life Science
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Question… If you crossed Purebred Red four-
o’clock flower with Purebred White four-o’clock flower, what would the offspring look like?
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Actually… they were PINK!?!?!
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Incomplete Dominance- when two homozygous parents combine, the offspring results in a blended phenotype
Combining Purebred Red & White and produced Pink
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Neither allele for a trait is Dominant.
The phenotype produced is mixed between the two homozygous parents.– The combining of Purebred Red &
Purebred White produced PINK plants.
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What would happen if you crossed a Red horse and a White horse?
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PINK!?!?!
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Just kidding… ROAN
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Although Mendel studied peas that were controlled by two alleles, many traits can be controlled by more than two alleles…
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Multiple Alleles A trait that is controlled by Having
more than two alleles is controlled by Multiple Alleles.
Traits controlled by Multiple Alleles produce more than three phenotypes of that trait.
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Example (Flip to Page) Example of Multiple Alleles…
Blood Types: A, B, AB, and O.– The O allele is recessive to both A and B
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Other Worksheet… Phenotype A - AA or AO Genotype
Phenotype B – BB or BO Genotype
Phenotype AB – AB Genotype
Phenotype O – OO Genotype
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Polygenic Inheritance Polygenic Inheritance- when a group
of gene pairs acts together to produce one trait.– Which creates more variety in
phenotypes
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What would be an example?
Many traits such as…Skin Color, Eye Color, Hair Color, and Handspan are traits produced by a combination of genes.
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Human Genes & Mutations
Mutations: a permanent change in the DNA sequence
A mutation can be helpful, harmful, or cause no effect.
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Mutations Chromosome disorders- caused by
more or fewer chromosomes than normal
Downs Syndrome- caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
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Recessive Genetic Disorders
There are human genetic disorders that are caused by Recessive Genes.
How could this occur?
Both parents contain the recessive allele
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Because parents are Heterozygous, they do not show any symptoms– (Called “carriers” for the trait.)
Cystic Fibrosis is a homozygous recessive disorder.
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Sex-Linked Disorders An allele inherited on a sex
chromosomes ( X or Y ) is called a sex-linked gene.
Inherited conditions are linked with the X and Y chromosomes.
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Example- Color Blindness is a sex-linked disorder caused by recessive allele on the X chromosome.
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Where did you get your genes from?
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Pedigrees Pedigree- used to follow or trace
traits through generations of a family.
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No… not the dog food…
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Section 3
III. Advances in Genetics
A. Genetic Engineering- experimentations that changes the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene.
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Types:
1. Recombinant DNA
Inserting a useful section of DNA into a bacteria
Example- Creating Insulin (Page 143)
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2. Gene Therapy- When a “normal allele” is placed into
a virus, the virus then delivers the normal allele when it infects a specific cell. (Figure 13 Page 144)
May be used to control Cystic Fibrosis and other disorders.
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3. Genetically Engineering Plants- Plants are created by genetically inserting
the desired genes of one plant into another plant you want to show those genes.
Also genetically engineered: ANIMALS “Cloning”
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Works Cited www.coolclips.com http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm15
04/mendel.htm www.classzone.com www.dkimages.com www.virtualsciencefair.org
www.scienceray.com