chapter 4. most cells are microscopic effect of cell size on surface area
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4
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Most Cells Are Microscopic
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Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartmentsHuman cells have three basic parts:
Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary
Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles
Nucleus—control center
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Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
CYTOSKELETON:
NUCLEUS:
Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes
Nucleolus
Ribosomes
Golgiapparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Centriole
Lysosome
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
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Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Rough endoplasmicreticulum
CYTOSKELETON:
NUCLEUS:
Nuclear envelope
Chromosome
NucleolusRibosomes
Golgiapparatus
Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Cell wall
Central vacuoleMicrotubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
Cell wall ofadjacent cell
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata
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Plasma MembraneBimolecular layer of
lipids and proteinsConstantly changingDynamic role in cellular
activitySeparates intracellular
fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)
Outside cell
Inside cell
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The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center
Contains chromatinGenetic library with
blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins
Bound by a nuclear envelope with pores
Contains a nucleolus
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory
Interconnected cisternaeContinuous with nuclear
membraneTwo varieties:
Rough ERSmooth ER
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Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cellSpherical membranous bags containing
digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)
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Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food
Contains folds called cristae and its own DNA
Provide most of cell’s ATP
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Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy
Chloroplasts: plant organelles ; site of photosynthesis
Found in: All green parts of a plant; leaves are main site of photosynthesis
Contain: green pigment chlorophyll involved in photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
Stroma
Inner and outermembranes
Granum
Intermembranespace
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Plasmamem-brane
Secretion byexocytosis
Vesicle becomeslysosome
Golgiapparatus
Rough ER ERmembrane
Phagosome
Extracellular fluid
Secretoryvesicle
The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
Protein processing
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The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities
Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosolMicrotubules (hollow)Microfilaments (solid)Intermediate filaments (solid)
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Microfilament
Actin subunit
7 nm
Intermediate filament
Fibrous subunits
10 nm
Microtubule
Tubulin subunit
25 nm
Nucleus
Nucleus
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Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Cilia and flagellaFlagella - whiplike, tails
that move entire cell
Cilia -short, hairlike structures that move substances across cell surfaces
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Membrane JunctionsThree types:Tight junctions- Prevent fluids and most
molecules from moving between cells
Desmosomes- Rivets” or “spot-welds” that anchor cells together
Gap junctions-Transmembrane proteins form pores that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cellFor spread of ions between cardiac or smooth
muscle cells
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Tight junctions
Anchoring junction
Gap junctions
Plasma membranesof adjacent cells
Extracellular matrix