•Chapter 4: Nervous System• Chapter 5: Sleep and Dreaming

Click on “Chapter 4” to start game

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To Round Two!

Check Out My Brain!

I’m So Nervous!

Let’s Chat You’re on my last neuron

Brain Stem

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The destruction of brain tissue.

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In this scan, electrodes are placed on the scalp to record

electrical brain waves.

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A series of X-rays taken from different angles that can reveal brain damage.

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Glucose in injected & this gives a visual of brain

activity when you perform certain functions.

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Technique for revealing bloodflow, activity, & function of the brain.

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Respectively, the division of the nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cord AND the division responsible for

communication with muscles & glands.

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The part of the Peripheral Nervous System that enables voluntary

control of our muscles.

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You don’t have to concentrate to get this half of the PNS to work

because it does so automatically.

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Part of the PNS that gives you energy to spring into action (ready for “fight or flight”).

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These are responsible for releasing the hormones

(i.e. epinephrine/adrenaline & norepinephrine/nonadrenaline)

associated with the “fight or flight” response

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The area including the space or gap between neurons.

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Chemicals released by one neuron and received by

another neuron.

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A message received by a neuron that decreases the

likelihood of the neuron firing.

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A nerve impulse is faster if an axon has this.

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A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon.

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Messages pass to other neurons, muscles, or glands through this

part of a neuron.

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These “glue” cells make up 90% of the cells in the brain.

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This part of a neuron receives messages from other cells.

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The three types of neurons.

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This is the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural

impulse.

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This part of the brain stem controls your heartbeat &

breathing.

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Hey! Pay attention! Something important is happening! It’s this part of the brain stem

that alerts you to potentially important goings on in your

environment.

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This “little brain” helps us coordinate voluntary movements, such as balance and walking.

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In terms of location, the brain stem sits on top of this.

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This sits at the top of the brainstem and is the brain’s

sensory switchboard through which all sensory info (except smell) travels.

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DAILY

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To Final Jeopardy!

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To Round One

Midbrain LobesTwo halves

make a whole

Sleep & Dreaming

Grab bag

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Brain structure that controls your drives to survive, such as

hunger, thirst, & body temp.

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This neural system is associated with emotions and drives (the 4

Fs).

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This supervises the other glands and is known as

the “master gland”.

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If you can’t remember playing this game an hour from now, you may have a problem with

this brain structure.

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If this structure is stimulated, you might get

aggressive and punch Julissa in the mouth & kick Esquivel in his big

head.

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The beat goes on in this “listening” lobe.

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If the thalamus is sent images from the eyes, they will be sent to this

lobe.

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Goldilocks may have been using this lobe as she judged

porridge to be too hot, too cold, and just right.

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After a freak accident, Phineas Gage showed a change in

personality when this lobe was damaged.

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This area let’s you speak, but it’s not the area that helps

you understand.

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Broad band of nerve fibers connecting the right and left

brain hemispheres.

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Most people process language with this hemisphere.

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When you recognize a face in a crowd you are most

likely using this hemisphere.

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If a picture is shown in your left visual field, it will be

processed by the occipital lobe in this brain

hemisphere.

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If you are shown a picture in your right visual field, and then are asked to draw it, you will

most likely use this hand.

It may help to assume you are a split brain patient.

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These are patterns of electrical activity that

changes during stages os sleep?

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It’s the stage of sleep when you are most likely to

sleep walk?

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To sleep perchance to dream. You are more likely to do

that during this type of sleep.

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The fact that students often dream about taking exams

seems to support this theory of dreaming.

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It the theory of dreaming that says that your cerebrum is just making stories to make

sense of random signals from the pons (brain stem).

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A shortage of this neurotransmitter might make

you feel sad.

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Michael J. Fox has this neurological disorder associated with the

neurotransmitter dopamine.

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These are our body’s natural pain killers.

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Three parts of the limbic system.

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The brain’s ability to change, reorganize, and build new pathways after damage.

DAILY

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DAILY

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FINAL JEOPARDY CATEGORY

Measuring the brain

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What is:

lesion?

What is:

EEG?

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What is:

CT/CAT Scan?

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PET Scan?

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What is:

fMRI?

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Central Nervous System

&

Peripheral Nervous System

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What is:

Somatic Nervous System

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What is:

Autonomic nervous system?(Controls and regulates internal

organs, glands, and blood vessels. These processes are automatic

and involuntary.)

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Sympathetic nervous system?(A branch of the autonomic nervous system. The

sympathetic nervous system increases a body’s energy output, so that the body can be easily

mobilized into action. Analogous to a gas pedal on a car. )

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Adrenal Glands?

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Synapse?(Synapse includes the space between neurons

(Synaptic gap or cleft), the axon terminal, and receptor sites on the receiving cell)

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What are:

Neurotransmitters?

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What is:

inhibitory?(Neurotransmitters are released from the axon

terminals of the sending sell and picked up by the dendrite of the receiving cell. If sufficient stimulation occurs, the receiving cell may fire

(excitatory) or stop firing (inhibitory).)

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What is:

Myelin sheath(Fatty substance that acts to insulate axon. The myelin

sheath increases speed of impulse because electrical charge of nerve impulse doesn’t have to move along

entire cell membrane – instead the impulse jumps from node to node, the spaces between the sheath.)

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What is:Action potential?

(Also call a nerve impulse. When a neuron is stimulated, it’s electrical charge changes from negative to positive. The resulting electrical

charge moves through the cell body and down the axon. )

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axon?

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What is:Glia?

(These cells are involved in keeping neurons functioning, e.g. providing nutrition. They also

are involved in communication between neurons.)

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What is:

Dendrite?

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Sensory-carry info to brain & spinal cord

Motor-carry info from brain/spinal cord to muscles & glands

Interneurons-communicate bw sensory & motor

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What is threshold?

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What is:

The medulla?(Controls automatic, usually unconscious functions like

breathing and heart rate.)

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What is:

The reticular activating system?

(This network of nerve cells screens incoming sensory information and arouses or activates the cerebrum to

direct our attention to important information.)

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What is:

The cerebellum

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What is:

Top of the spinal cord?(The brain stem starts where the spinal cord

ends. It is often considered to be the most primitive part of the brain.)

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What is:The Thalamus?

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What is:Hypothalamus?

(Involved in emotions and motivations related to survival including thirst, hunger, reproduction. It is the executive in charge of the hormonal

system – the pituitary is it’s second in command. The hypothalamus also regulates

the autonomic nervous system.)

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What is:

Limbic System?

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What is:

Pituitary gland?

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What is:

The hippocampus?(Functions to store new information in the brain.

It is NOT where older information is stored in memory. So if your hippocampus is damaged,

you might have trouble remembering this game in a couple of minutes, you would still

remember older, previously formed memories.)

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Amygdala?(This structure controls your initial emotional response to stimuli. Also involved in arousal.

For example, may spur you to run in fear if you think you see a mugger behind a bush. This

initial response can be changed by the cerebrum upon further analysis. For example, if

you realize that the mugger is really just the wind blowing the limbs of the bush, you won’t

run.)

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What is:

Temporal?(Located above the ears, this is where the

auditory cortex is located.)

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What is:

Occipital?(The visual cortex is in the lobe

located at the back of the cerebrum.)

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Parietal?(The parietal lobe contains the somatosenory cortex. Soma means body, hence this part of the cerebrum analyzes sensory information, including temperature, sent from the body to the brain. The somatosensory cortex is adjacent to the motor cortex in the frontal lobe. So if Goldilocks senses that some porridge is too hot with the somatosensory cortex, the motor cortex can quickly send out a command to spit it out.)

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What is:

Frontal?(This lobe has many functions including social judgment, higher-order thinking, and planning – these may account for Mr. Gage’s personality changes. This lobe is also involved in memory, and speech production. The motor cortex is also found here.)

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Broca’s area?(Located on left side of frontal lobe. The area responsible for understanding speech is on the

left side of the temporal lobe, and is named Wernickes’ area.)

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Corpus Callosum?

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What is:Left?

(This is true even of most left handers. Broca’s area for speech production is located in the left

frontal lobe. Wernicke’s area for speech comprehension is in the left temporal lobe.)

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What is:

Right?(The right hemisphere specializes in visual-spatial

tasks, and facial recognition may be a special case of such a task. This hemisphere is less

verbal than the left. Some people also believe it is more emotional and less logical than the left.)

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What is:Right?

(Information from the left visual field crosses over to the opposite brain hemisphere, i.e. the right. Information from the right visual

field goes to the left brain.

Note that the visual field is the external visual environment, it is not your eyes. The information from the visual field is picked

up by your eyes, and is then sent to the brain. )

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What is:

Right hand? (This is NOT because most people are right handed. Information

from the right visual field is processed by the left brain hemisphere. The left brain controls the right side of the body. Hence, the right hand has access to the picture seen by the left brain. You may remember that the left hemisphere is not a specialist in visual-spatial tasks, so it may not be a great artist. Despite this limitation, it can create a recognizable drawing.)

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What is:

Brain waves?(Different stages of sleep show different patterns of

brain waves as measures by EEG, electroencephalogram.)

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(This is the deepest level of sleep, so it is surprising that sleepwalking and talking often occur now. The causes of sleepwalking are

not completely understood, but is more common in children and is associated with

illness, e.g., running a fever.)

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What is:

REM?(Rapid eye movement. The first episode of REM sleep starts about 90 minutes after we fall asleep and recurs every 90 minutes thereafter. The length of REM varies, but tend to become longer at the end of the sleep cycle, i.e., when we are close to waking up. REM sleep is also called paradoxical sleep, because our brain waves show that our brains are very active – almost awake, but our muscles are partially paralyzed.)

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Reflection of current concerns?(Theory that our dreams reflect issues from our current life. Hence students dream about exams because they spend part of their waking hours

preparing for, taking, and worrying about exams. Nonstudents are less likely to dream about

exams.)

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Activation-synthesis theory?(The pons, a structure in the brain stem, is involved in sleep and dreaming. Neurons in the pons fire during

sleep, hence information is sent to the brain from the pons – this is the activation. The information is random, it is not in story form. The higher order functions of our cerebrum, however, tries to make sense of those random thoughts,

images, and feelings and incorporate them into a dream – this is the synthesis. This process may explain why many

of our dreams are so weird.

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What is:

Serotonin?

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What are:

Parkinson’s disease?

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What are:

endorphins?

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What is:

Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

Amygdala?

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Plasticity?

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PET scan?(Positron emission tomography works by tracking the brain’s use of

glucose. When a part of the brain is active, the blood carries glucose that the brain uses for energy to that part of the brain.

Hence by tracking the glucose use, investigators can get a sense of the workings of the brain. In studies, a radioactive element is

injected with a glucoselike substance. Special scanners track the radioactivity as it travels through the blood stream. The level of

radioactivity is very low and is not harmful. Some PET scans track blood flow or oxygen levels to determine brain activity. )

Final Jeopardy