Chapter 4 NotesThe Growth of a New Nation

AHSGE Social Studies Review

Vocabulary/ Terms/ People

Tariff of 1816- Congress protected American industries from competing with lower priced European goods by raising taxes on imports

Manifest Destiny- the belief that it was God’s will that the US expand and possess the entire continent (sea to shining sea)

Underground Railroad- a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North

Vocabulary/ Terms/ PeopleReservations- tiny parcels of

poor land where Indians were sent to live

Utopia- an ideal community where all would live in peace and harmony

Suffragette- women who worked for women’s right to vote

Celibacy- single life without sex

Annexed- addedAbolish- put an end to it

James MonroeFifth President of the United

StatesEra of Good Feeling

Mood during Monroe’s presidency

Marked by optimism and national unity

Monroe DoctrinePromise by President Monroe to

prevent European nations from recolonizing North and South America

The US would not interfere in the internal affairs of European countries or independent countries in the Americas

The US would oppose any European intervention in independent countries in the Americas as an unfriendly act

The American continents should not be considered for further colonization by European countries

Land Acquisitions/ ExplorationTreaty of Paris (1783)-

Signed by Great Britain and US at the end of the Revolutionary War

Britain recognized the independence of the United States

The US now had established and recognized borders (Canada to the North, the Mississippi River to the West, the Atlantic Ocean on the East, and the northern border of Spanish Florida in the South)

Land Acquisitions/ ExplorationLand Ordinance of 1785-

Written under the Articles of Confederation

Land area from the Ohio River to the Mississippi River would be made into new states

Each area had to meet a population requirement to apply for statehood

Land Acquisitions/ ExplorationNorthwest Ordinance (1787)-

Allowed for the creation of 3-5 states in the Northwest Territory

It prohibited slavery in the territory

People who lived there were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and access to free public education

Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana were formed from this territory

Land Acquisitions/ ExplorationLouisiana Purchase-

Purchased by the US from France/ Napoleon for $15 million

This land purchased was the largest land purchase made by the US and doubled the size of the US

Marked a turning point- US began seeking economic prosperity from the new western lands instead of England

Land Acquisitions/ ExplorationLewis and Clark Expedition-

Set out from St. Louis to explore Louisiana Purchase to the coast of the Pacific Ocean

Sacajawea- interpreter (translator) and guide for Louis and Clark

Alabama- became a state in 1819

Territorial Expansion, 1783-1853

Territorial Expansion, 1783-18531783- Treaty of Paris (Original

United States territory)1803- Louisiana Purchase1818- Territory ceded by Britain1819- Alabama became a state1819- Florida Cession1845- Texas Annexation1846- Oregon Territory1848- Mexican Cession1853- Gadsden Purchase

Important InventionsEli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin Introduced the idea of

interchangeable partsRobert Fulton- developed the

first effective steamboat called the Clermont

George Stephenson- steam powered locomotive called the Rocket

Henry Clay’s American SystemHenry Clay-

Senator from KentuckyProposed the American System-

a balance between those favoring state’s rights and strong federal government

American SystemTariff of 1816- raised taxes on

imports Internal improvements (Roads

and canals)National Bank- the Second Bank

of the United States stabilized currency and held government funds

Roads and CanalsNational Road- federally

funded road from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois

Erie Canal- Linked Buffalo, NY on Lake Erie

with Albany, NY on the Hudson River

Started a new era of transportation and prosperity for New York

Andrew JacksonFirst man born into poverty

that became president Jacksonian Democracy-

property qualifications for voting white males were dropped during his presidency

Developed the spoils system- policy of removing political opponents from government and replacing them with political friends

Andrew JacksonDoctrine of Nullification

Promoted by Senator John Calhoun from South Carolina

Doctrine stated that if Congress passes a bill that is harmful to a particular state, that state is not obliged to enforce the federal law

If ¾ of the states believed a law unconstitutional, the law would be null and void

Andrew JacksonIndian Removal Act-

Five Native American nations were required to move to land west of the Mississippi River (Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminoles)

Chief Justice John Marshall ruled the Indian Nations had a right to stay

President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court ruling and sent troops to force the removal of the Indians

Andrew JacksonTrail of Tears- the journey of

thousands of Creek, Cherokee, and Choctaws who were forced to leave their homelands in the Southeast and move to reservations in Oklahoma

Reservations- tiny parcels of poor land where Indians were sent to live

The TrailsOregon Trail-

Started by Nathaniel WyethLed an expedition to colonize the

coast of Oregon by the Columbia River

Colonization attempt failed, but it did provide a way for settlers to reach the Pacific Coast

The TrailsThe Mormon Trail-

Led by Brigham YoungLeft Navoo, Illinois and traveled to

the Salt Lake area of present day Utah

The California TrailGold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill

near SacramentoTens of thousands began migrating

to California in search of goldTrail began in Independence,

Missouri

The TrailsSanta Fe Trail-

Trail started at Independence, Missouri

Was a wagon route that President Monroe ordered established to increase trading with Mexico in Santa Fe

Literature of the USNoah Webster- produced the first

American dictionary to distinguish language of the US from Britain

Ralph Waldo Emerson- essayist and a poet and a leader in the transcendental movement (spiritual unity of creation)

Henry David Thoreau- writer, philosopher, and naturalist; works are “Walden” and “Civil Disobedience”

Emily Dickenson- regarded as one of the most influential poets of the US

Social UtopiasUtopia- an ideal community

where all would live in peace and harmony

Amish- A Christian sect that

established farming communities in Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and Canada

Lived a life of simplicity and hard work

QuakersFounded by George FoxBelieved in personal divine

revelationObjected to war and slavery

Social Reform MovementsTemperance Movement-

advocated total abstinence from alcohol

Maine Laws- regulated or prohibited the sale of alcohol

Abolition Movement- advocated laws to abolish slavery

Harriet Tubman- escaped slavery and helped lead other slaves to freedom on the Underground Railroad

Social Reform Movements

Frederick Douglass- former slave who spoke for the abolition movement

Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin

William Lloyd Garrison- founded an influential, anti-slavery newspaper called The Liberator; helped establish the national American Anti-slavery Society

Sojourner Truth- African American leader of abolition and women’s rights

Social Reform Movements

Women’s Rights MovementElizabeth Cady Stanton- organized

the first women’s rights convention known as the Seneca Falls Convention

Susan B Anthony- supported the temperance movement to ban alcohol, the abolition of slavery, and women’s rights movement

19th amendment- women’s right to vote

Social Reform MovementsDorothea Dix- improved housing

for mentally ill and prisonersHorace Mann- first state Board of

Education in the United States