chapter 4 police in society: history and organization
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Chapter 4 Police in Society: History and Organization. Learning Objectives. Describe how law enforcement developed in feudal England Summarize characteristics of the first law enforcement agencies Discuss the development of law enforcement in the United States - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4 Police in Society: History and
Organization
Learning ObjectivesDescribe how law enforcement developed
in feudal EnglandSummarize characteristics of the first law
enforcement agenciesDiscuss the development of law
enforcement in the United StatesAnalyze the problems of early police
agenciesDiscuss how reformers attempted to create
professional police agencies
Learning ObjectivesDescribe the major changes in law
enforcement between 1970 and todayBe familiar with the major federal law
enforcement agenciesSummarize the differences among state,
county, and local law enforcementExplain the role of technology in police
work
The History of PoliceOrigins of police traced to early English
societyBefore 1066 BCE:
Pledge System - families banded together for protection
Prior to the thirteenth Century in England: Shires
Similar to counties Reeves
Appointed to supervise the territory
The History of PoliceIn the thirteenth Century England:
Watch system Employed watchmen to protect against robberies, fires,
and disturbances
In 1326: The office of the Justice of the Peace was
created
Private Police and Thief TakersDuring early eighteenth century:
Rising crime rates encouraged and new form of private, monied police who profited from legal and illegal conduct as informal police departments
These private police were referred to as “Thief Takers”
Creating Public Police1829: Sir Robert Peel, England’s home
secretary lobbied an “Act for Improving the Police in and near the Metropolis” Established the first organized police force in London with over 1,000 men
By 1856, all boroughs and counties in England were required to form their own police force
Law Enforcement in Colonial AmericaParalleled British modelCounty Sheriff
Collecting taxes, supervising elections, and performing other matters of business
Instead of patrolling or seeking out crime, the Sheriff reacted to citizens’ complaints and investigated crimes
Early Police AgenciesBoston created first formal U.S. police dept.
in 1838 New York Police – 1844 Philadelphia Police – 1854
Conflict between police and the public was born in the difficulty that untrained, unprofessional officers had in patrolling the streets of cities and controlling labor disputes
Early Police AgenciesPolice during the nineteenth century:
Involved foot patrols Were regarded as incompetent and corrupt
Police agencies evolved slowly during the second half of the nineteenth century Uniforms were introduced in New York (1853) Communication links between precincts using
telegraph (1850s) Bicycles introduced (1897) Primary responsibility was maintaining order
Policing in the Twentieth CenturyThe emergence of professionalism
The 1960s and Beyond
Policing in the 1970s
Policing in the 1980s
Policing in the 1990s
The Emergence of Professionalism1893 International Association of Chiefs of
Police (IACP) Called for a civil service police force
August Vollmer Most famous police reformer
Instituted university training for young officers
Helped to develop the school of Criminology at the University of California, at Berkeley
The 1960s and BeyondTurmoil and crisis in the 1960sSupreme Court decisions impacted policeCivil rights of suspects expanded significantlyCivil unrest between the public and policeRapidly growing crime rate in the 1960sBoth violent and property crimes increased
The 1970s1970s
There were structural changes in police departments, increased federal support for criminal justice
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration provided resources: Improved police training Supported innovative police research
More woman and minorities were recruited for police work
The 1980s and 1990s1980s
Emergence of community policing, unions fought for increase in salaries, state and local budgets were cut
1990s Rodney King case prompted an era of
police reform Police departments embraced forms of policing that
stressed cooperation with the community and problem solving
Policing and Law Enforcement TodayLaw Enforcement agencies are adapting to the
changing nature of crime (Ex: terrorism and internet fraud)
700,000 sworn law enforcement officers throughout these jurisdictions: Federal State County Metropolitan Private
Federal Law Enforcement AgenciesU.S. Justice Department Agencies:
Federal Bureau of Investigations Drug Enforcement Administration Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and
Explosives U.S. Marshals
Department of Homeland Security Agencies: Customs and Border Protection (CBP) The Secret Service
State Law Enforcement AgenciesFirst agency was the Texas Rangers, created
in 1835First truly modern state police agencies:
1903 – Connecticut 1905 – Pennsylvania
State police agencies 60,000 officers and 30,000 civilians Primarily responsible for highway patrol and
traffic law enforcement
County Law Enforcement AgenciesToday sheriffs’ offices contain 330,000 full-
time employees including 175,000 sworn personnel
Provide court securityOperate the jail systemDuties vary widely depending on size
Metropolitan Law Enforcement AgenciesRange in size from agencies with 40,000
officers to departments with only 1 part-time officer
Nearly 13,000 departments with over 460,000 sworn personnel
Majority of departments have fewer than 50 officers and serve a population under 25,000
Most provide a wide variety of services and functions
Private PolicingPrivate security has become a multimillion-
dollar industry10,000 firms and 1.5 million employeesPeople employed in private security
outnumber public police by almost three to one
Privatized security costs less than public officers
Technology and Law EnforcementThere is little doubt that the influence of
technology on policing will continue to grow: Crime Mapping License Plate Recognition Technology Digitizing Criminal Identification Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems Digital Dental Records DNA Testing
Future TechnologyGenetic algorithmsAugmented Reality technologyAutomated Biometric Identification System