CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 4Policing: Purpose and

Organization

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Learning Objectives• Explain the basic purposes of policing in

democratic societies• List and describe the three major levels of public

law enforcement• Identify the three styles of policing• Describe community policing• Describe the nature of scientific police

management• Identify factors that influence an individual police

officer’s use of discretion

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Rights of the AccusedUnder Investigation

• Individual Rights: Common law, constitutional, statutory, and humanitarian rights of the accused:

– A right against unreasonable searches– A right against unreasonable arrest– A right against unreasonable seizures of property– A right to fair questioning by authorities– A right to protection from personal harm

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Rights of the AccusedUnder Investigation

• Public Order: Individual rights must be effectively balanced against these community concerns:

– The efficient apprehension of offenders

– The prevention of crimes

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Police Mission

• The basic purposes of policing in democratic societies are to:

• Library Extra 4-1• Web Extras 4-1, 4-2, and 4-3• Hear author discuss the chapter.

– Enforce the law – Preserve the peace

– Apprehend offenders – Provide services

– Prevent crime

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

American Policing: From the Federal to the Local Level

• Three major legislative and judicial jurisdictions

– Federal– State– Local

• Little uniformity

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Federal Agencies• There are 11 United States government services

– Web Extra 4-4– Library 4-2

• Federal Bureau of Investigation– Began in 1908

– Mission statement:• “The Mission of the FBI is to protect and defend the United

States against terrorist and foreign intelligence threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to federal, state, municipal, and international agencies and partners.”

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Federal Bureau of Investigation

• Organization– 56 field offices and 400 satellite offices (resident

offices)

– Legal attaché offices (Legats)

• Major FBI operations– National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS)– Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)– Laboratory Division: Web Extra 4-5– National Academy Program: Web Extra 4-6

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

State-Level Agencies

• American state policing– Highway patrol – State university police

– Fish and wildlife agencies – Port authorities

– State park services – Weigh station operations

– State police – State bureaus of investigation

– Alcohol law enforcement agencies

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

State-Level Agencies

• Centralized state policing model:– Assist local law enforcement

– Operate identification bureaus

– Maintain a centralized criminal records repository

– Patrol the state’s highways

– Provide select training for municipal and county officers

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

State-Level Agencies

• Decentralized state policing model:

– Draws a clear distinction between traffic enforcement on state highways and other state-level law enforcement functions.

• Characterizes operations in the southern United States.

– Web Extra 4-7

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Local Agencies

• The term “local police” encompasses a wide variety of agencies.

– Municipal police – Constables

– Campus police – Marine patrol

– City/county agencies – Sheriff’s departments

– Housing authority – Transit police

– Coroners or medical examiners

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Local Agencies

• 13,580 municipal police departments

• 3,100 sheriff’s departments

• The majority of local agencies employ fewer than ten full-time officers.

• City police chiefs are typically appointed.

• Sheriffs are elected officials of a county law enforcement agency.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Policing Styles

• A style of policing describes how a particular police agency sees its purpose and identifies the methods and techniques it uses to fulfill that purpose.

– Watchman style

– Legalistic style

– Service style

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Police−Community Relations

• Police−community relations refers to:

– Team policing is:

An area of police activity that recognizes the need for the community and the police to work together effectively and that is based on the notion that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve.

The reorganization of conventional patrol strategies into “an integrated and versatile police team assigned to a fixed district.”

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Police−Community Relations

– Strategic policing is:

– Problem-solving policing is:

A type of policing that retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include nontraditional kinds of criminals.

A type of policing that assumes that many crimes are caused by existing social conditions within the community and that crimes can be controlled by uncovering and effectively addressing underlying social problems.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Police−Community Relations

– Community policing is:

– Elements of community policing:• Community-based crime prevention• Reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize the

importance of non-emergency services• Increased police accountability to the public• Decentralization of command

“A collaborative effort between the police and the community that identifies problems of crime and disorder and involves all elements of the community in the search for solutions to these problems.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Police−Community RelationsQuestion Traditional Policing Community Policing

Who are the police? Responsible for law enforcement

Police are the public

What is its relationship with other agencies?

Priorities often conflict

One department among many

What is the role of the police?

To solve crimes To solve problems

How is police efficiency measured?

By detection and arrest rates

By the absence of crime and disorder

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Police−Community Relations

• Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategies (CAPS)– Library Extras 4-5 and 4-6– Web Extra 4-9

• Community Policing Consortium– Web Extra 4-10

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Critique of Community Policing• Its complexity and evolving nature make its

effectiveness difficult to measure.

• Citizen satisfaction with police performance is difficult to conceptualize and quantify.– Conditions of life, rather than race, are most

predictive of citizen dissatisfaction.

• There may not be a high degree of consensus in the community.

• Not all officers are willing to accept nontraditional images of police work.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Critique of Community Policing

• Police subculture refers to:

• Socialization into the police subculture commences with recruit training and continues thereafter.

• Committed to traditional view of police work.

• Library Extra 4-7

A particular set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior characteristic of American police with which the police profession strives to imbue new recruits.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Scientific Police Management

• Scientific police management refers to:

– Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)

– Exemplary Projects Program– Kansas City Experiment

The application of social science techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness, reducing the frequency of citizen complaints, and enhancing the efficient use of available resources.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Discretion and the Individual Officer

• Police discretion refers to:

• Individual officers retain considerable discretion in what they do.

The opportunity of law enforcement officers to exercise choice in their daily activities.

CRIMINAL JUSTICEA Brief Introduction, 6/Eby Frank Schmalleger

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Factors That Influence Discretion

Personal practices

Availablealternatives

Disagreementwith the law

Victimpressure

Communityinterest

Departmentpolicy

Suspectcharacteristics

Officerbackground

OfficerDiscretion