chapter 4 the bonds of empire, 1660-1750 1. how did the glorious revolution shape relations between...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 4
The Bonds of Empire, 1660-1750 1. How did the Glorious Revolution shape
relations between England and its North American colonies?
2. What factors contributed most significantly to the
growth and prosperity of the British mainland colonies?
3. What factors explain the relative strengths of the
British, French, and Spanish empires in North America?
4. What were the most significant results of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening in the British colonies?
Rebellion and War, 1660-1713
Royal Centralization, 1660-1688English kings Charles II and James II took
control of the British colonies by creating
the royal colony of New Hampshire (1679),
making Massachusetts a royal colony (1684),
and creating the Dominion of New England
In 1686-1688.
Sir Edmund Andros was
the royally appointed
governor of this new
“supercolony”
Rebellion and War, 1660-1713
The Glorious Revolution, 1688-1689In 1688, William and Mary (Protestant/Anglican) oust James II (Catholic) who fled to France
They set up a limited monarchy in England
They dismantled the Dominion of New England, but kept a little more control than before the Dominion was created (esp. in Massachusetts)
They reestablished representative govt. and religious freedom (for Protestants)
The goal in the colonies was to have voluntary allegiance rather than involuntary submission
Rebellion and War, 1660-1713
A Generation of War, 1689-1713King William’s War (1690-1697): England vs. France
In America: mostly border wars with New France, lost some allegiances from the Iroquois Confederacy
Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713): England vs. France and Spain
In America: Colonists realized they were weak
So… these wars showed that the colonists were
militarily weak and still
dependent on their mother
country = renewed loyalty to
Britain
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
Mercantilist Empires in AmericaMercantilism worked well for Britain (and its
colonies)
It didn’t work so well for France and Spain
Many colonists (British, French, and Spanish) just
ignored the mainland’s policies and did their
business privately
MERCANTILISM
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
Mercantilist Empires in AmericaBRITISH NAVIGATION ACTS
• 1651: Trade only allowed on British (including colonial) ships
• 1660: Banned sale of certain items (i.e. sugar, tobacco, rice, furs) to foreign countries unless they first passed through England
• 1663: Placed high taxes on products bought outside the British Empire (i.e. French molasses)
These Acts inadvertently helped the colonists by increasing the colonial merchant marine, shipbuilding industry, and urbanization around port cities
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
Population Growth and Diversity1700 1750English: 250,000 1,170,000 (20% were slaves)
French: 15,000 60,000
Spanish: 4,500 19,000
WHY???English: open to all Europeans
focus on families
French: open to French
traders and missionaries
Spanish: open to Spanish
soldiers and missionaries
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
Population Growth and DiversityBritish colonies had growth both from natural increaseand from immigration
Majority of European immigrants were poor and/orindentured servants (still)
This is where they ended up
There was also a huge increase in slaves, but way more slaves were still headed to the West Indies rather than America
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
Rural White Men and WomenFarming wasn’t a lucrative career choice
Most farmers were in debt for most of their lives
An increasing number of young men turned
away from farming and looked to the frontier,
port cities, or the high seas for a livelihood
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
Colonial Farmers and the EnvironmentRapid deforestation caused…
• Removal of forest animals
• Addition of field animals
• Warmer summers and colder winters
• Unstable water levels in streams
• Huge decrease in fish population
• Dry and hard soil
To make matters worse, the famers rarely
used any fertilizers or methods to
replenish the soil, such as crop rotation
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
The Urban Paradox• Only 4% of colonists lived in cities, however…
• They became overcrowded
• There was poor sanitation
• This caused the spread of disease and early deaths
• There was high unemployment
• The wealth was highly concentrated
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
SlaveryYou know the conditions… very harsh
• Slaves worked from about 7 yrs. old ‘til death• Men and women both performed hard labor• What little time they had “off” work, they used
to tend their own crops• Rebellions were usually quickly and brutally suppressed by the fearful
whites, such as the…
STONO REBELLION (1739) in South Carolina
Colonial Economies and Societies,1660-1750
The Rise of the Colonial ElitesThe 18th century colonial elites began to show off their wealth by imitating the upper-crust Europeans
• Huge mansions
• Refined manners
• Fancy clothes
• Rode in carriages
• Expensive material goods
• Well-educated
This led to even more of a
desire by the colonists to
acquire British consumer goods
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
France and the American Heartland1718: France founds New
Orleans and makes
it the capital of
Louisiana
French had better relations
with the Indians than the
British, but not great
French success was often
dependent on their relations
with the Indians
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
Native Americans and British ExpansionBritish continued their alliance with some Indians (i.e. Iroquois), but mostly either killed them or dislocated them…
Tuscarora War (1711-1713):
Dislocated the Tuscarora Indians out
of Carolina (North)
Yamasee War (1715-1716):
Dislocated the Yamasee Indians out
of Carolina (South)
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
British Expansion in the South: GeorgiaFounded in 1732; led by James Oglethorpe
• Set up to be a haven for British debtorsand a buffer colony from Spanish Florida
• No landholdings of over 500 acres• No alcohol• No representative government• No slavery!
– Degraded blacks (according to Oglethorpe)– Made whites lazy– No slave revolts (near Spanish Florida)– Wouldn’t help poor whites recover from debt
Georgia didn’t really succeed until they let inslaves (1750) and large landholdings (1754)
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
Spain’s Borderlands
Very sparsely populated
in NM, TX, and FL
They started having
better relations with the
Indians
They offered freedom to
any English-owned
slaves who made it to
FL and became Catholic
The Return of War, 1739-1748The War of Jenkins’ Ear/King George’s War (1739-1748)
This was mainly a war between Englandand France, but it spilled over to NorthAmerica like prior European wars
The main engagement in North Americawas when New Englanders captured theFrench fort at Louisbourg
After the war, the British gave it backwhich improved international relations,but kinda ticked off the New Englanderswho fought so hard… for nothing!
Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750
Public Life in British America,1689-1750
Colonial PoliticsAfter the Glorious Revolution,
the power shifted from here
to here
because of this
Only white men could vote and colonial politics were dominated by the
wealthy elite; yet it was still more democratic than in England
Public Life in British America,1689-1750
The EnlightenmentBased upon logic, reason, and science
Epitome of Enlightenment in America was…
More popular in cities (that’s
where the educated people were)
Many Enlightenment thinkers
trusted in reason over the Bible
and were Deists – they believed
in God, but that He set things in
motion and then stopped
intervening
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Public Life in British America,1689-1750
The Great Awakening(1730s – 1740s)
Jonathan Edwards – “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
George Whitefield
New Lights: Old Lights:Emotional Rational
Repentance Human Improvement
Enthusiastic Reserved
Decrease: Quakers & Anglicans (Old Lights)
Increase: Baptists & Presbyterians (New Lights)Colleges (Old & New Light)
Also: Crossed racial and gender lines