chapter 41 animal nutrition and digestion. need to feed dietary categories carnivore herbivore...
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Chapter 41 Animal Nutritionand
Digestion
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Need to Feed• Dietary categories
CarnivoreHerbivoreOmnivore
• Animals are truly opportunistic eaters meaning occasionally they will eat something out of the norm when resources are scarce
• 3 nutritional needs1. Fuel (chemical energy)2. organic raw materials for biosynthesis3. essential nutrients
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Management of Energy Budget• Nearly all an animal’s ATP generation is based on the oxidation of
energy rich organic molecules – CHO, proteins, and fats• Severe problems occur if budget is out of balance for long periods
undernourishment – chronic deficiency in calories- stores of glycogen and fat are used up - body begins breaking down proteins- muscular atrophy- brain can become protein deficientovernourishment – excessive food intake- obesity is increasing problem- fat stores are compounded instead of being used for fuel- inheritance is a factor in obesity- hormone leptin may be a regulatory checkpoint to combat
obesity
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Animal’s Diet• In order build complex molecules it needs to grow, maintain itself, and
reproduce, animals must obtain organic precursors (carbon skeletons) from its food
• Essential nutrients – must be obtained in preassembled form because animals’ cell cannot make them from raw materials
Ex: Vitamin Cmalnourishment – missing one or more essential nutrients4 classes of essentials:1. essential amino acids – 20 in diet; 10 naturally made2. essential fatty acids – rarely deficient3. vitamins water soluble – B complex, Folic acid, Cfat soluble – A, D, E, K4. minerals - calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, sodium
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Stages of Food Processing• The 4 stages of food processing:
1. Ingestion – eating; brings in large polymers that need to broken down for use2. Digestion – mechanical and chemical break down
of polymers into monomers the body can absorb*enzymatic hydrolysis- adding water to break bonds of macromolecules in food
3. Absorption – uptake of small molecules into bloodstream
4. Elimination – passing of undigested material out of body
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Digestive System• Peristalsis – rhythmic waves of contraction that moves food
down esophagus; smooth muscle control• Sphincters – ring like valves that act as junctions between
specialized regions of digestive tube• Accessory glands in digestion:
a. Salivary glands – digestive enzymesb. Pancreas – digestive enzymes and bufferc. Liver – production of biled. Gallbladder – storage and release to bile to break
up fats• Accessory to digestion because no food passes through these
organs
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Digestive System• Mouth
- will mechanically and chemically break down food particles- Food in mouth will stimulate a reflex that causes saliva to be released by salivary glands
Saliva contains –- mucin- glycoprotein that coats the lining of mouth- buffers to prevent tooth decay- antibacterial agents - Amylase that hydrolyzes starch and
glycogen
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Digestive System
• Mouth pharynx – region of throat that is the
junction between trachea and esophagusepiglottis- cartilaginous flap that covers
the opening to trachea• Esophagus – connects the mouth to stomach
no digestion takes place; peristalsis
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Ingestion
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Digestive System
• Stomach- stores food and begins digestion- elastic walls expand when food enters- mechanical action of smooth muscles
churn contents or chyme- gastric juice (HCl) mixes and dissolves
food particles; kills bacteria present with food- pepsin – enzyme in gastric juice that will hydrolyze proteins
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Early Digestion
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Digestive System
• Small Intestine3 sections:
1. Duodenum – mixes juices and bile from pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
2. Jejunum – absorption of nutrients
3. Ileum – absorption of nutrients and water
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Enzymatic digestion
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Digestive System
• Large Intestine- cecum is a pouch like extension of
intestine - contains appendix- dispensible organ contains white blood cells that may aid in immunity/ microbial breakdown
*Main function of colon is absorption of water and any useful remaining nutrients
• Rectum – terminal portion of colon
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Evolutionary Adaptations
• Dentition, or assortment of teeth, has greatly contributed to success of vertebrate class
- utilization of different shaped teeth for particular types of food or modes of nutrition
• Expandable stomachs allowing large portions of food and long periods between meals
• Symbiotic bacteria in alimentary canals• Ruminants – 4 chambered stomach for digestive of
herbivorous material*rumen, reticulum, omasum, & abomasum
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Adaptations