chapter 42 respiratory systems. qualifying respiration gas exchange cellular respiration organismal...
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Chapter 42
Respiratory Systems
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Qualifying Respiration
Gas Exchange
Cellular Respiration
Organismal levelO2 in CO2 out via
diffusion
Cellular levelUse O2 and
produce CO2 and
ATP
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Respiratory Medium
WaterMembranes always moist
AirHigh concentration of oxygenLess denseO2 and CO2 diffuse faster in air than water
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Respiratory Surface Requirements
ThinDiffusion distance
MoistPM stability
LargeSA to volume ratio
Fick’s LawR = D x A ( p/d)
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Altitudes and OxygenAir is a fixed ratio of
gasesEach contributes a
partial pressure to the atmospherePN2
, PO2, PCO2
, and
other gasesAir thins with
increasing altitudeGas in same ratio,
but less of
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‘Skin Breathers’
Earthworms and some amphibians
Skin is respiratory surface
Moist environments
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Gill Systems
Extensions of body surface (pink)
Ventilation adaptations varies organizationMovement of water
across gills
Inefficient of landDesiccationTissue mass
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Countercurrent Exchange
Exchange between two opposite flowing fluidsMaximum efficiency
Concentration gradient favors O2 diffusion from H2OAlways slightly more
in bloodCompare with
concurrent
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Tracheal System
Most terrestrial animals (insects)
Internal branched tubesConnect all cells to
environmentClose to retain moisture
Open circulatory system role?
Body movements in larger and more active species
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Lungs
Internal sacs with moist epithelium
Extensive inner branching
Closed circulatory system role?Book lungs in
spiders (open)Most terrestrial
vertebratesVariations between
phyla
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Terrestrial VertebratesAmphibians
Obtain O2 via positive pressure
Skin for exchangeBirds
1 way flow2 cycles to complete
MammalsNegative pressureIncomplete removal
each cycleMyoglobin varies with
environment
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Mammalian Respiratory System
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Respiratory Cycle
Boyle’s Law: increased volume, decreases thoracic pressure
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Control of Human BreathingMedulla establishes rhythm Pons sets rateMost is involuntary
Holding breathSensors in carotid arteries
and aortapH of CSF reflects [CO2] in
bloodMust correlate with
circulationExercise or baby’s first
breath
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Gas ExchangePO2
and PCO2 vary
within the circulatory system
Pressure gradient facilitates gas exchange in tissue capillariesLungs: O2 into blood,
CO2 into alveoliBody tissues: O2 out
of blood, CO2 in
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Respiratory Pigments
Protein bound to a metalHemoglobin increases O2 carrying capacity
Increase PO2 increase
Increase PCO2 increase dissociation = H+ binding to buffer
bloodpH increase Temperature decrease
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Respiratory Problems
Alveoli of ciliated epitheliumTraps contaminantsSwept out in mucus
Alveoli highly susceptible to contaminantsMacrophages patrol
COPD, pnemonia, Black lung
Surfactants keep alveoli openFetal development at 33
weeks