chapter 43 behavior ecology. behavior is any action that can be observed and described behaviors...
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![Page 1: Chapter 43 Behavior Ecology. Behavior is any action that can be observed and described Behaviors have a genetic basis and environmental influences Experiments](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062721/56649f225503460f94c3aefc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 43
Behavior Ecology
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• Behavior is any action that can be observed and described
• Behaviors have a genetic basis and environmental influences
• Experiments using lovebirds show that hybrids show intermediate nest building methods
• Feeding habits of two different garter snakes and their hybrids show a genetic basis
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Fig. 43.2
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Inland garter snake does not eat slugs.
Coastal garter snake eats slugs.
inlandcoastal
Tongue Flicks per Minute
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(Coastal): © John Sullivan/Monica Rua/Ribbitt Photography; (Inland): © R. Andrew Odum/Peter Arnold, Inc.
![Page 4: Chapter 43 Behavior Ecology. Behavior is any action that can be observed and described Behaviors have a genetic basis and environmental influences Experiments](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062721/56649f225503460f94c3aefc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Maternal behavior in mice depends on gene called fosB
• When mothers first inspect their young, information sent to hypothalamus
• fosB alleles are activated and a particular protein is produced
• End result is a change in neural circuitry in hypothalamus and causes good maternal behavior
• Mice that lack good maternal behavior also lack fosB alleles so hypothalamus does not activate any enzymes and other genes for good mother behavior
• Originally thought that some behaviors were fixed action patterns that were elicited by signal stimulus
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• With new experiments, many FAPs improve by learning
• Learning is defined as a durable change in behavior brought about by experience
• Imprinting is a form of learning first observed in birds when chicks, ducklings, and goslings follow the first moving object they see after hatching
• This is usually their mother
• Has survival value and leads to be able to recognize one’s species and appropriate mates
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Page 803
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© Nina Leen/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
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• Associative learning is a change in behavior that involves an association between two events
• Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are examples
• In classical conditioning, two different types of stimuli (at same time) cause animal to form association between them
• Work of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov
• In operant conditioning, a stimulus-response connection is strengthened
• Rewards for proper response
• B. F. Skinner known for lab work on operant conditioning
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• Believed giving positive reinforcement more successful than punishing undesirable behaviors
• Migration is long-distance travel from one location to another
• Requires orientation, the ability to travel in a particular direction
• Many birds use sun and stars to orient themselves
• They have biological clock within and a sense of time to compensate for sun movement
• Experienced birds can navigate
• They change direction in response to other environmental clues like Earth’s magnatic field
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Fig. 43.6
Holland
Switzerland
Spain
Breedingrange
Winteringrange
typical migratoryroute of starlings
experimental relocationof all starlings
flight path ofexperienced starlings
flight path ofinexperienced starlings
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![Page 10: Chapter 43 Behavior Ecology. Behavior is any action that can be observed and described Behaviors have a genetic basis and environmental influences Experiments](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062721/56649f225503460f94c3aefc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Animals may learn through imitation and insight
• An example is Japanese macaques
• Insight learning occurs when an animal suddenly solves a problem without any prior experience with the situation
• Chimps stacking boxes; ravens pulling meat attached to a string up
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Page. 805
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Ravens learn to retrieve food
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• Some animals form a society in which members organize in a cooperative manner beyond sexual and parental behavior
• Communication is an action by a sender that may influence the behavior of a receiver
• Pheromones are chemical signals in low concentration that are passed between members of the same species
• Moths, ants and termites, cheetahs and other cats
• Humans have vomeronasal organ in the nose that can detect odors and pheromones
• Auditory communication is fast, effective night or day, and can be modified
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• Visual communication used by species active during day
• Tactile communication occurs when one animal touches another
• Grooming in primates, cements social bonds within a group
• Honeybees use a combination of methods especially tactile in directing others to food source
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Fig. 43.11
a.
b.
40o
40o
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© OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes
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• Behavioral ecology assumes behavior is subject to natural selection
• For food gathering, animals often have a particular home range where they spend most of the day
• One part of range defended from other members of species is their territory and behavior is territoriality
• Food gathering is technically called foraging for food
• Optimal foraging model states that it is adaptive for foraging behavior to be as energetically as possible
• Animals that take in more energy likely have more offspring
• Most primates are polygamous and males monopolize multiple famales
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• Because of gestation and lactation, females invest more in offspring than males
• Males are expected to compete with other males for limited number of receptive females
• A few primates are polyanthrus where one female mates with more than one male
• Some primates are monogamous which means that they pair bond, and both male and female help with the rearing of the young
• Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that favors features that increase an animal’s chances of mating. Sexual selection often results in female choice and male competition
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Fig. 43.15
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© D. Robert & Lorri Franz/Corbis
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• Group living can help an animal avoid predators, rear offspring, and find food
• Disadvantages include disputes over feeding and sleeping sites
• Altruism is a behavior that has the potential to decrease the life-time reproductive success of the altruist, while benefiting reproductive success to another member of the society
• Genes passed to next generation in two different ways
• 1) Direct when parent can pass a gene directly to offspring
• 2) Indirect when a relative that reproduces can pass the gene to the next generation
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• Individual selection, called kin selection, is adaptation to environment due to the reproductive success of the individual’s relatives
• Inclusive fitness of an individual includes personal reproductive success and reproductive success of relatives
• In reciprocal altruism, animals aid one another for future benefits