chapter 5-1. chapter 5-2 chapter 5 cost - volume - profit managerial accounting, fourth edition

Chapter 5-1

Chapter 5-2

CHAPTER CHAPTER 55

COST - VOLUME - COST - VOLUME - PROFITPROFIT

Managerial Accounting, Fourth Edition

Chapter 5-3

Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives

1. Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.

2. Explain the significance of the relevant range.

3.3. Explain the concept of Explain the concept of mixed costs.mixed costs.

4.4. List the five components of List the five components of cost-volume-profit cost-volume-profit analysis.analysis.

5.5. Indicate what contribution Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can margin is and how it can be expressed.be expressed.

Chapter 5-4

Study ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy ObjectivesStudy Objectives

6.6. Identify the three ways Identify the three ways to determine the break-to determine the break-even point.even point.

7.7. Give the formulas for Give the formulas for determining sales determining sales required to earn target required to earn target net income.net income.

8.8. Define margin of safety, Define margin of safety, and give the formulas and give the formulas for computing it.for computing it.

Chapter 5-5

Preview of ChapterPreview of ChapterPreview of ChapterPreview of Chapter

To manage any business, you must understand:To manage any business, you must understand:

How costs respond to changes in sales volumeand

The effect of costs and revenues on profit

To understand cost-volume-profit (CVP), you To understand cost-volume-profit (CVP), you must know how costs behavemust know how costs behave

Chapter 5-6

Cost-Volume-ProfitCost-Volume-ProfitCost-Volume-ProfitCost-Volume-Profit

Cost Behavior Cost Behavior

AnalysisAnalysis

Cost Behavior Cost Behavior

AnalysisAnalysisCost-Volume-Cost-Volume-

Profit AnalysisProfit Analysis

Cost-Volume-Cost-Volume-

Profit AnalysisProfit Analysis

Variable costsVariable costs

Fixed costsFixed costs

Relevant rangeRelevant range

Mixed costsMixed costs

Identifying Identifying variable and fixed variable and fixed costscosts

Basic componentsBasic components

CVP income statementCVP income statement

Break-even analysisBreak-even analysis

Target net incomeTarget net income

Margin of safetyMargin of safety

Chapter 5-7

Cost Behavior AnalysisCost Behavior AnalysisCost Behavior AnalysisCost Behavior Analysis

Cost Behavior Analysis is Cost Behavior Analysis is the study of how specific costs respond the study of how specific costs respond

to to changes in the level of business changes in the level of business activity.activity.

Some costs change; others remain the sameSome costs change; others remain the same

A knowledge of cost behavior helps management A knowledge of cost behavior helps management plan operations and decide between alternative plan operations and decide between alternative courses of actioncourses of action

Cost behavior analysis applies to all types of Cost behavior analysis applies to all types of entitiesentities

LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costs.

Chapter 5-8

Cost Behavior Analysis - ContinuedCost Behavior Analysis - ContinuedCost Behavior Analysis - ContinuedCost Behavior Analysis - Continued

Starting point in cost behavior analysis is Starting point in cost behavior analysis is measuring key business activitiesmeasuring key business activities

Activity levels may be expressed in terms of:Activity levels may be expressed in terms of:

Sales dollarsSales dollars (in a retail company) (in a retail company)Miles drivenMiles driven (in a trucking company) (in a trucking company)Room occupancyRoom occupancy (in a hotel) (in a hotel)Dance classes taughtDance classes taught (by a dance studio) (by a dance studio)

Many companies use more Many companies use more than one measurement basethan one measurement base


Chapter 5-9

Cost Behavior Analysis - ContinuedCost Behavior Analysis - ContinuedCost Behavior Analysis - ContinuedCost Behavior Analysis - Continued

For an activity level to be useful: For an activity level to be useful:

Changes in the level or volume of activity Changes in the level or volume of activity should be correlated with changes in costsshould be correlated with changes in costs

The activity level selected is called theThe activity level selected is called theactivity or volume indexactivity or volume index

The activity index:The activity index:Identifies the activity that causes changes in Identifies the activity that causes changes in

the behavior of coststhe behavior of costsAllows costs to be classified according to their Allows costs to be classified according to their

response to changes in activity as response to changes in activity as either:either:

Variable Costs Fixed Costs Mixed CostsVariable Costs Fixed Costs Mixed Costs


Chapter 5-10

Variable CostsVariable CostsVariable CostsVariable Costs

Variable costs are costs that Variable costs are costs that vary vary in totalin total directly and proportionately with changes in the directly and proportionately with changes in the activity levelactivity level

Example:Example: If the activity level If the activity level increasesincreases 10 10 percent, total variable costs percent, total variable costs will increasewill increase 10 10 percent percent

Example:Example: If the activity level If the activity level decreasesdecreases by 25 by 25 percent, total variable costs percent, total variable costs will decreasewill decrease by 25 by 25 percentpercent

Variable costs Variable costs remain the same remain the same per unitper unit at at every level of activity.every level of activity.


Chapter 5-11

Variable Costs – ExampleVariable Costs – ExampleVariable Costs – ExampleVariable Costs – Example

Damon Company manufactures radios that Damon Company manufactures radios that contain a $10 digital clockcontain a $10 digital clock

The activity index is the number of radios The activity index is the number of radios producedproduced

For each radio produced, the total cost of the For each radio produced, the total cost of the clocks increases by $10:clocks increases by $10:

If 2,000 radios are produced, the total cost of the If 2,000 radios are produced, the total cost of the clocks is $20,000 (2,000 X $10)clocks is $20,000 (2,000 X $10)

If 10,000 radios are produced, the total cost of the If 10,000 radios are produced, the total cost of the clocks is $100,000 (10,000 X $10)clocks is $100,000 (10,000 X $10)


Chapter 5-12

Variable Costs – GraphsVariable Costs – GraphsVariable Costs – GraphsVariable Costs – Graphs


Chapter 5-13

Fixed CostsFixed CostsFixed CostsFixed Costs

Fixed costs are costs that Fixed costs are costs that remain the same in total regardless of changes in the activity regardless of changes in the activity level.level.

Fixed costs Fixed costs per unit costper unit cost varyvary inversely with activity:with activity:

As volume increases, unit cost declines, and vice versa

Examples include:Examples include:Depreciation on buildings and equipmentDepreciation on buildings and equipment

Property taxesProperty taxesInsuranceInsurance

Rent


Chapter 5-14

Fixed Costs - ExampleFixed Costs - ExampleFixed Costs - ExampleFixed Costs - Example

Damon Company leases its productive facilities at Damon Company leases its productive facilities at a cost of $10,000 per montha cost of $10,000 per month

Total fixed costs of the facilities remain constant Total fixed costs of the facilities remain constant at every level of activity - $10,000 per monthat every level of activity - $10,000 per month

Fixed costs on a Fixed costs on a per unitper unit basis vary inversely basis vary inversely with activity - as activity increases, unit cost with activity - as activity increases, unit cost declines and vice versa.declines and vice versa.At 2,000 radios, the unit cost is At 2,000 radios, the unit cost is $5 $5 ($10,000 ($10,000 ÷ 2,000 units)÷ 2,000 units)

At 10,000 radios, the unit cost is At 10,000 radios, the unit cost is $1$1 ($10,000 ($10,000 ÷ 10,000 ÷ 10,000 units)units)


Chapter 5-15

Fixed Costs - GraphsFixed Costs - GraphsFixed Costs - GraphsFixed Costs - Graphs


Chapter 5-16

Variable costs are costs that:Variable costs are costs that:

a.a. Vary in total directly and proportionately with Vary in total directly and proportionately with changes in the activity levelchanges in the activity level.

b. Remain the same per unit at every activity level.

c. Neither of the above.

d. Both (a) and (b) above.

Let’s ReviewLet’s ReviewLet’s ReviewLet’s Review

LO 1: LO 1: Distinguish between variable and fixed costsDistinguish between variable and fixed costs..

Chapter 5-17

Relevant RangeRelevant RangeRelevant RangeRelevant Range

Throughout the range of possible levels of Throughout the range of possible levels of activity, a activity, a straight-line relationship usually does not exist for either variable costs or fixed for either variable costs or fixed costs costs

The relationship between variable costs and The relationship between variable costs and changes in activity level is often changes in activity level is often curvilinear

For fixed costs, the relationship is also For fixed costs, the relationship is also nonlinear – – some fixed costs will not change over the some fixed costs will not change over the entire entire range of activities while other fixed range of activities while other fixed costs may costs may changechange

LO 2: Explain the significance of the relevant range.LO 2: Explain the significance of the relevant range.

Chapter 5-18

Relevant Range - GraphsRelevant Range - GraphsRelevant Range - GraphsRelevant Range - Graphs


Chapter 5-19

Relevant Range Relevant Range Relevant Range Relevant Range

Defined as the range of activity over which a Defined as the range of activity over which a companycompany expects to operate during a year

Within this range, a straight-line relationshipWithin this range, a straight-line relationship usually exists for both variable and fixed costsusually exists for both variable and fixed costs


Chapter 5-20

The relevant range is:The relevant range is:

a.a. The range of activity in which variable costs The range of activity in which variable costs will be curvilinearwill be curvilinear.

b. The range of activity in which fixed costs will be curvilinear.

c. The range over which the company expects to operate during a year.

d. Usually from zero to 100% of operating capacity.



Chapter 5-21

Mixed CostsMixed CostsMixed CostsMixed Costs

Costs that have Costs that have both a variable a variable cost element cost element and a fixed a fixedcost elementcost element

Sometimes calledSometimes calledsemivariable cost

Change Change in total but not proportionately with changes inwith changes inactivity levelactivity level

LO 3: Explain the concept of mixed costs.LO 3: Explain the concept of mixed costs.

Chapter 5-22

Mixed Costs: High–Low MethodMixed Costs: High–Low MethodMixed Costs: High–Low MethodMixed Costs: High–Low Method

For purposes of CVP analysis, mixed costs must be For purposes of CVP analysis, mixed costs must be classified into their classified into their fixed and and variable elements elements

One approach to separate the costs is called the One approach to separate the costs is called the high-low method

Uses the total costs incurred at the high and low Uses the total costs incurred at the high and low levels of activity to classify mixed costs into fixed levels of activity to classify mixed costs into fixed and variable componentsand variable components

The difference in costs between the high and low The difference in costs between the high and low levels levels represents variable costs, since only variable costs change as activity levels changechange


Chapter 5-23

Mixed Costs: Mixed Costs: Steps in High–Low-Method Steps in High–Low-Method

Mixed Costs: Mixed Costs: Steps in High–Low-Method Steps in High–Low-Method

STEP 1: Determine variable cost per unit using the following formula:

STEP 2: Determine the fixed cost by subtracting the total variable cost at either the high or the low activity level from the total cost at that level


Chapter 5-24

Mixed Costs: Mixed Costs: High–Low Method ExampleHigh–Low Method Example

Mixed Costs: Mixed Costs: High–Low Method ExampleHigh–Low Method Example

High Level of Activity:High Level of Activity: April $63,000 50,000 milesApril $63,000 50,000 milesLow Level of Activity: Low Level of Activity: January January 30,000 30,000 20,000 miles20,000 miles

Difference $33,000 30,000 milesDifference $33,000 30,000 miles

Step 1:Step 1: Using the formula, variable costs per unit are Using the formula, variable costs per unit are

$33,000 $33,000 30,000 = 30,000 = $1.10 variable cost $1.10 variable cost per mileper mile

Data for Metro Transit Company for 4 month period:


Chapter 5-25

Mixed Costs: Mixed Costs: High–Low-Method ExampleHigh–Low-Method Example

Mixed Costs: Mixed Costs: High–Low-Method ExampleHigh–Low-Method Example

Step 2:Step 2: Determine the fixed costs by subtracting total Determine the fixed costs by subtracting total variable costs at variable costs at either the high or low activity the high or low activity level from the total cost at that same level level from the total cost at that same level


Chapter 5-26

Mixed Costs:Mixed Costs:High–Low-Method ExampleHigh–Low-Method Example

Mixed Costs:Mixed Costs:High–Low-Method ExampleHigh–Low-Method Example

Maintenance costs:Maintenance costs: $8,000 per month plus $1.10 per mile$8,000 per month plus $1.10 per mile

To determine maintenance costs at a particular To determine maintenance costs at a particular activity level:activity level:

1. multiply the activity level times the variable cost per unit

2. then add that total to the fixed cost

EXAMPLE: If the activity level is 45,000 miles, the If the activity level is 45,000 miles, the estimated maintenance costs would be $8,000 estimated maintenance costs would be $8,000 fixed costs and $49,500 variable ($1.10 X 45,000 fixed costs and $49,500 variable ($1.10 X 45,000 miles) for a total of $57,500.miles) for a total of $57,500.


Chapter 5-27

Mixed costs consist of a:Mixed costs consist of a:

a.a. Variable cost element and a fixed cost Variable cost element and a fixed cost elementelement.

b. Fixed cost element and a controllable cost element.

c. Relevant cost element and a controllable cost element.

d. Variable cost element and a relevant cost element.



Chapter 5-28

Cost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit Analysis

CVP Analysis - the study of the CVP Analysis - the study of the effects of changes in costs and volume on a company’s on a company’s profitsprofits

Important in profit planningImportant in profit planning

A critical factor in setting selling A critical factor in setting selling prices, determining product prices, determining product mix, and maximizing use of mix, and maximizing use of production facilitiesproduction facilities

LO 4: List the five components of cost-volume-profit analysis.LO 4: List the five components of cost-volume-profit analysis.

Chapter 5-29

Cost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit AnalysisCost-Volume-Profit Analysis

CVP analysis considers the interrelationships CVP analysis considers the interrelationships among five basic components:among five basic components:


Chapter 5-30

Assumptions Underlying CVP AnalysisAssumptions Underlying CVP AnalysisAssumptions Underlying CVP AnalysisAssumptions Underlying CVP Analysis

Behavior of both costs and revenues is Behavior of both costs and revenues is linear throughout the throughout the relevant range of the activity of the activity indexindex

Costs can be classified accurately as either Costs can be classified accurately as either variable or fixed

Changes in Changes in activity are the only factors that are the only factors that affect costsaffect costs

All units All units produced are sold

When more than one type of product is sold, the When more than one type of product is sold, the sales mix will remain constant


Chapter 5-31

One of the following is One of the following is NOTNOT involved in CVP involved in CVP analysis. That factor is:analysis. That factor is:

a.a. Sales mixSales mix.

b. Unit selling prices.

c. Fixed costs per unit.

d. Volume or level of activity.


LO 4: List the five components of cost-volume-profit LO 4: List the five components of cost-volume-profit analysis.analysis.

Chapter 5-32

CVP Income StatementCVP Income StatementCVP Income StatementCVP Income Statement

Classifies costs and expenses as fixed or variable Reports contribution margin in the body of the statement.

Contribution margin –amount of revenue

remaining afterdeducting all variable costs

Reports the same netincome as a traditional income statementincome statement

A statement for internal use only

LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.

Chapter 5-33

CVP Income Statement - ExampleCVP Income Statement - ExampleCVP Income Statement - ExampleCVP Income Statement - Example

Vargo Video Company produces a DVD Vargo Video Company produces a DVD player/recorder. player/recorder.

Relevant data for June 2008: Relevant data for June 2008:


Chapter 5-34

Contribution Margin Per UnitContribution Margin Per UnitContribution Margin Per UnitContribution Margin Per Unit

Contribution margin is the amount availableContribution margin is the amount available to cover fixed costs and to contribute to income

The formula for The formula for contribution margin per unit and the and the computation of the contribution margin per unit for computation of the contribution margin per unit for Vargo Video are:Vargo Video are:

Thus, for every DVD player sold, Vargo Company has Thus, for every DVD player sold, Vargo Company has $200 to cover fixed costs and contribute to net income$200 to cover fixed costs and contribute to net income


Chapter 5-35

CVP Income Statement – Contribution Margin CVP Income Statement – Contribution Margin EffectEffect


Since Vargo Company has fixed costs of $200,000, it Since Vargo Company has fixed costs of $200,000, it must sell 1,000 DVD players ($200,000 ÷ $200) before must sell 1,000 DVD players ($200,000 ÷ $200) before it can earn any net incomeit can earn any net income

Vargo’s CVP income statement, assuming a zero net Vargo’s CVP income statement, assuming a zero net income is:income is:


Chapter 5-36



For every DVD player that Vargo sells above 1,000 units, For every DVD player that Vargo sells above 1,000 units, net income increases by the amount of the contribution net income increases by the amount of the contribution margin, $200margin, $200

Vargo’s CVP income statement, assuming 1001 units Vargo’s CVP income statement, assuming 1001 units sold is:sold is:


Chapter 5-37

Contribution Margin RatioContribution Margin RatioContribution Margin RatioContribution Margin Ratio

Shows the percentage of each sales dollar available to Shows the percentage of each sales dollar available to apply toward fixed costs and profitsapply toward fixed costs and profits

The contribution margin ratio is the contribution margin per unit divided by the unit selling price. For Vargo Company, the computation is:he computation is:

In this case, the contribution margin ratio of 40% means In this case, the contribution margin ratio of 40% means that $ .40 of each sales dollar is available to apply to that $ .40 of each sales dollar is available to apply to fixed costs and contribute to net incomefixed costs and contribute to net income


Chapter 5-38

Contribution Margin RatioContribution Margin RatioContribution Margin RatioContribution Margin Ratio

As shown below, the contribution margin ratio helps to determine the effect of changes in sales on net income


Chapter 5-39

Contribution margin:Contribution margin:

a.a. Is revenue remaining after deducting variable Is revenue remaining after deducting variable costscosts.

b. May be expressed as contribution margin per unit.

c. Is selling price less cost of goods sold.

d. Both (a) and (b) above.


LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be LO 5: Indicate what contribution margin is and how it can be expressed.expressed.

Chapter 5-40

Break-Even AnalysisBreak-Even AnalysisBreak-Even AnalysisBreak-Even Analysis

A key relationship in CVP analysis is the level of activity at A key relationship in CVP analysis is the level of activity at which which total revenue equals total costs (both fixed and (both fixed and variable)variable)

This level of activity is called the break-even point

At this volume of sales, the company will realize no At this volume of sales, the company will realize no income, but will also suffer no lossincome, but will also suffer no loss

Can be computed or derived:Can be computed or derived:from a mathematical equation,by using contribution margin, orfrom a cost-volume profit (CVP) graph

The break-even point can be expressed either in sales units or in sales dollars

LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the break-even point.LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the break-even point.

Chapter 5-41

Break-Even Analysis: Mathematical Break-Even Analysis: Mathematical EquationEquation

Break-Even Analysis: Mathematical Break-Even Analysis: Mathematical EquationEquation

Break-even occurs where total sales equal variable costs plus fixed costs; i.e., net income is zero.

The formula for the The formula for the break-even point in unitsin units and and the computation for Vargo Video are:the computation for Vargo Video are:

To find To find sales dollarssales dollars required to break-even: required to break-even:1,000 units X $500 = $500,000 (break-even sales 1,000 units X $500 = $500,000 (break-even sales

dollars)dollars)LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the break-even point.LO 6: Identify the three ways to determine the break-even point.

Chapter 5-42

Break-Even Analysis:Break-Even Analysis:Contribution Margin TechniqueContribution Margin Technique

Break-Even Analysis:Break-Even Analysis:Contribution Margin TechniqueContribution Margin Technique

At the break-even point, contribution margin must equal total fixed costs

(Contribution Margin = total revenues – variable costs)

The break-even point (BEP) can be computed using either contribution margin per unit or contribution margin ratio.


Chapter 5-43

Contribution Margin TechniqueContribution Margin TechniqueContribution Margin TechniqueContribution Margin Technique

When the contribution margin per unit is used, the formula to compute the BEP in units for Vargo Video is:

When the BEP in dollars is desired, contribution margin ratio is used in the following formula for Vargo Video:


Chapter 5-44

Break-Even Analysis: Graphic Break-Even Analysis: Graphic PresentationPresentation


A cost-volume profit (CVP) graph shows the relationships between costs, volume and profits.

To construct a CVP graph:To construct a CVP graph:

Plot the total-sales line starting at the zero activity level

Plot the total fixed cost using a horizontal line

Plot the total-cost line (starts at the fixed-cost line at zero

activity)

Determine the break-even point from the intersection of the

total-cost line and the total-sales line


Chapter 5-45




Chapter 5-46

Gossen Company is planning to sell 200,000 pliers Gossen Company is planning to sell 200,000 pliers for $4 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is for $4 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is 25%. If Gossen will break even at this level of 25%. If Gossen will break even at this level of sales, what are the fixed costs?sales, what are the fixed costs?

a.a. $100,000$100,000.

b. $160,000.

c. $200,000.

d. $300,000.



Chapter 5-47

Break-Even Analysis: Target Net Break-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeIncome

Break-Even Analysis: Target Net Break-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeIncome

Rather than just breaking even, management usually sets an income objective called “target net income”

Indicates sales or units necessary to achieve this specified level of income

Can be determined from each of the approaches Can be determined from each of the approaches used to determine break-even sales/units:used to determine break-even sales/units:

from a mathematical equation,by using contribution margin, orfrom a cost-volume profit (CVP) graph

Expressed either in sales units or in sales dollarsLO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales

required to earn target net income.required to earn target net income.

Chapter 5-48

Break-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeBreak-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeBreak-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeBreak-Even Analysis: Target Net Income

Mathematical Equation

Using the basic formula for the Using the basic formula for the break-even point, simply include the desired net income as a factor. The computation for Vargo Video is as The computation for Vargo Video is as follows:follows:

LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income.required to earn target net income.

Chapter 5-49

Break-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeBreak-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeBreak-Even Analysis: Target Net IncomeBreak-Even Analysis: Target Net Income

Contribution Margin TechniqueContribution Margin Technique

To determine the required sales in units for Vargo Video:

To determine the required sales in dollars for Vargo Video:

LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income.required to earn target net income.

Chapter 5-50

The mathematical equation for computing The mathematical equation for computing required sales to obtain target net income is:required sales to obtain target net income is:

Required sales = ?Required sales = ?

a.a. Variable costs + Target net incomeVariable costs + Target net income.

b. Variable costs + Fixed costs + Target net income.

c. Fixed costs + Target net income.

d. No correct answer is given.


LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required LO 7: Give the formulas for determining sales required to earn target net income.to earn target net income.

Chapter 5-51

Break-Even Analysis: Margin of SafetyBreak-Even Analysis: Margin of SafetyBreak-Even Analysis: Margin of SafetyBreak-Even Analysis: Margin of Safety

Difference between actual or expected sales and sales at the break-even point

Measures the “cushion” that management has, allowing it to break-even even if expected sales fail to materialize

May be expressed in dollars or as a ratio

To determine the margin of safety in dollars for Vargo Video assuming that actual/expected sales are $750,000:

LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it.computing it.

Chapter 5-52

Break-Even Analysis: Margin of SafetyBreak-Even Analysis: Margin of SafetyBreak-Even Analysis: Margin of SafetyBreak-Even Analysis: Margin of Safety

Margin of Safety RatioMargin of Safety Ratio

Computed by dividing the margin of safety in dollars by the actual or expected sales

To determine the margin of safety ratio for Vargo Video assuming that actual/expected sales are $750,000:

The higher the dollars or the percentage, the greater the margin of safety

LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it.computing it.

Chapter 5-53

Marshall Company had actual sales of $600,000 Marshall Company had actual sales of $600,000 when break-even sales were $420,000. What is when break-even sales were $420,000. What is the margin of safety ratio?the margin of safety ratio?

a.a. 25%25%.

b. 30%.

c. 33 1/3%.

d. 45%.


LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas LO 8: Define margin of safety, and give the formulas for computing it.for computing it.

Chapter 5-54

AllAll About YouAbout YouAllAll About YouAbout You

A Hybrid Dilemma

Hybrid vehicles typically cost $3,000 to $5,000 more than conventional vehicles

The most fuel efficient hybrids can save about $660 per year in fuel costs

Each gallon of gas not burned reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 19 pounds

Chapter 5-55

AllAll About YouAbout YouAllAll About YouAbout You

A Hybrid Dilemma

What do you think?

Do you think that making the investment in a hybrid car will slow the cash outflow from your wallet due to high gas prices and save your feet?

Because of the premium charged for hybrid cars, would you ever break-even on your investment?

Chapter 5-56

Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4 Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4 Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4 Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4

Deines Company accumulates the following data Deines Company accumulates the following data concerning a mixed cost, using miles as the activity level.concerning a mixed cost, using miles as the activity level.

MilesMiles Total Total MilesMiles Total Total DrivenDriven CostCost DrivenDriven CostCost

January 8,000 $14,150 $14,150 MarchMarch 8,5008,500 $15,000$15,000

February February 7,500 7,500 $13,600 $13,600 AprilApril 8,2008,200 $14,490$14,490

Compute the variable and fixed cost elements using the high-low method.

Chapter 5-57

Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4 Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4 Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4 Chapter Review - Brief Exercise 5-4

High Level of Activity:High Level of Activity: March $15,000 8,500 milesMarch $15,000 8,500 milesLow Level of Activity: Low Level of Activity: February 1February 13,600 3,600 7,500 miles7,500 miles

Difference $ 1,400 1,000 milesDifference $ 1,400 1,000 miles

Step 1Step 1: : Variable Cost per Unit = $1,400 ÷ 1,000 milesVariable Cost per Unit = $1,400 ÷ 1,000 miles

= = $1.40 variable cost per mile$1.40 variable cost per mile

Step 2:Step 2: High High LowLowTotal Cost:Total Cost: $15,000 $13,600$15,000 $13,600

Variable Cost:Variable Cost:

8,500 X $1.408,500 X $1.40 11,900 11,900

7,500 X $1.407,500 X $1.40 10,500 10,500

Total Fixed CostsTotal Fixed Costs $ 3,100 $ 3,100 $ 3,100 $ 3,100

Chapter 5-58

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chapter 5-1. chapter 5-2 chapter 5 cost - volume - profit managerial accounting, fourth edition

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