chapter 5 1961-1975 the “go-go” years & system/360
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5 1961-1975
The “Go-Go” Years &
System/360
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IBM & The Others 1963- $1.2 billion (70%) 1965- $ 3 billion 1970- $ 7 billion Sperry – Rand (UNIVAC)- mid 1960’s - $
145 million CDC (mini), Honeywell, Philco, RCA, GE,
Burroughs, NCR- mainframe builders Snow White & 7 Dwarfs 1970’s BUNCH Stable until 1980’s personal computers
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System/ 360 Announced April 1964 - “full-circle” of
customers – business & scientific Line, 6 models-sw upward compatible
25:1 performance range Plus 150 different items
Fortune Magazine: “You bet your company”
1100 orders in 1st month In 5 months, 2200 orders
Success was a “threat” Could not meet demand
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IBM 360 - 1964
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SPREAD - IBM committeeMet daily 2 months in 1961Review past & decide the future
Couldn’t continue to “upgrade” Needed a “unified product line”“Scalability”
Fred Brooks, Gene Amdahl“can’t be done”
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Scalability 1951- Maurice Wilkes, Manchester
University “best way to build an automatic
calculating machine” was to build its control section as a little stored – program computer of its own
“Micro- programmer”; microcode Page 148
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Scalability – Adopted for 360
Allowed common instruction set Specialization & optimization for
models Via microprogramming
Read only memory Compatibility with earlier IBM’s
Emulation Separated design process from
control logic
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Compatibility Microprogramming facilitated Emulated earlier IBM models
7070 and 1401 Up to ½ of 360 time was emulating
Due to new HW, new machines “emulated” old ones up to 10 times faster
Honeywell H-2000 + liberator emulated 1401 – sold well!
Software - more permanent than hardware 1401 programs run today
Part of Y2K problem
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360 Features 16 General purpose registers 32-bit words
Finally a power of 2!! 8-bit character code – byte (1956)
EBCDIC – true 8 character code Originally also included ASCII; dropped
Channels retained Peripherals PDP-8: real-time, labs, etc.
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Side Note on ASCII1963- American National
Standards InstituteAdopted 7 bit ASC II, not 88 holes across paper tape would
weaken it too muchBecame established in mini’s
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Time-sharing & 360 System/360=> 360 degrees=> “full
circle of customers” Did not address time-sharing No dynamic addressing
@ this time – interactive=> one user Batch jobs “shared” time – one job in
memory John McCarthy- MIT
Each user has illusion that complete machine & SW at her disposal
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THE Time-Sharing Problem
Page 155 Lots of wasted cycles
between key strokes – instructions
No efficient method for program swapping & keeping track
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Time Sharing - Mid-1960’s
MIT, IBM 7090 CTSS - Compatible time sharing system Supported just a few users
Defense Dept.- Project MAC Chose G.E. over 360 GE became leader in time-sharing
IBM crisis Problems with program swapping Had not thought it would be important Model 67: TSS failure
Anti-trust lawsuit – premature announcement
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Time-sharing
Progress was made – but still slow to develop workable
time-sharing -- Demonstrated feasibility but not practicality
Much turmoil in industry GE sold to Honeywell Movement to PDP machines - UNIX IBM threatened by success
IBM Stretch
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IBM System /3IBM 360 could not
compete in mini market
System /3 Incompatible with 360$1000 monthSmall 96 column punch cardEventually floppy disk
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The 1960’s Leasing companies
IBM too expensive Development costs Others 20% less Could withhold technology
1970 - IBM 370 360 compat. w/ time-share,
integrated circuits (cpu,mm) 1978 - IBM 4300
360 compat, low cost 1978 – AS/400 Leasing companies in debt
due to upgrades
“Go-GO” years Stocks soared
for all electronics companies
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Compatible MainframesPossible attacks on 360
line Information to numerous companies
1964 - CDC 6600 (above) Designer Seymour Cray Supercomputer – Fastest performance
Small sales ~ but impressive ~ serious customers
Sued IBM – announcement 360 model 91
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Compatible Mainframes
1964 – RCA – Spectra 70 SeriesRan 360 Software (1st clone)40% less $ than IBM, 4 modelsUsed true integrated circuitsLost in 1970 ~ 370 announced (IC’s)Out of computer business
Another round of buy-outs
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Plug Compatible Manufacturers (PCM)
Others targeted 1 part ~IBM systemTape drive, memory, CPUThese companies soared IBM price cuts, packaging
1969-75, 10+ lawsuitsGene Amdahl-1970
Left IBM, own co.Fujitsu, other Japan
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Software Houses Industry needed SW!!! Companies providing software
Automatic Data Processing (ADP)~payroll Computer Sciences Corp. (CSC) American Management Systems
IBM Included programming, service in price 1968 agreed to separate (lawsuit) For 360 success need for others to
provide SW & service Bad IBM SW – OS 360, PL/1
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Software Houses – cont’d
1962 - EDS – H. Ross Perot Left IBM over “leasing of time” Success with government contracts Based in Dallas
Ramo-Wooldridge TRW Manufacturing + SW + Service Military, space, etc. Later into business apps.
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IBM vs. Justice DepartmentFiled January 1969Lasted 12 yearsSell computers, UnbundleDropped January 1982PC Effect? Why didn’t IBM pursue PC
market?
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The “BUNCH” Unisys = Burroughs + Univac (86) AT&T hostile take-over of NCR (91) Honeywell
Partnered with NEC, Bull & Olivetti Phased out of computing
CDC – up & down – suffered Cray
departure
PLATO (p. 175) Education system failureAhead of it’s time
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Chapter 5 – 1961-1975
The “Go-Go” Years &
System/360