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Chapter 5 & 6

The Pakistan Movement & The Making of Pakistan

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The Pakistan MovementChapter 5 Continued…

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Sir Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

He was educated in eastern

and western cultures.

It was his speech at Allahbad

in December, 1930 where he

gave the famous sentences

which earned him the title of

the father of Pakistan idea.

Iqbal carried the idea of Two

Nation to its logical

conclusion by giving precise

reasoning.

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Choudry Rehmat Ali (1897 – 1951)

He was an intelligent barrister but in

1933 he terminated his practice as

lawyer and started ‘Pakistan National

Movement’.

He coined the name ‘Pakistan’ which

was composed by the following:

P – Punjab

A – Afghan province (Kyhber

Pakhtunkhwa)

K – Kashmir

S – Sindh

TAN – Balochistan

PAKISTAN literally means ‘the land

of pure’ (Pak = Pure + stan = land

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Simon commission was boycotted by the Congress and the Muslim League. In 1929 ‘Civil Disobedience’ movement was launched by Gandhi and violence accompanied it. The committee was declared unlawful and Gandhi and Nehru were arrested.

British realized no constitution can be successful unless leaders of all parties were invited and so Round Table Conference was held. It had 3 sessions in 1930, 1931 and 1932.

In the first session, Congress boycotted it. Other prominent leaders attended. The British Prime Minister Mr. Ramsay MacDonald accepted the proposals.

In the second session Gandhi represented Congress and had a stiff and rigid attitude. He stated the Congress should represent all Indian people including the minorities. Because of difference of opinion the session failed completely.

The third and last session of the conference was short and unimportant. Congress was absent as Gandhi had started his ‘Civil Disobedience’ Movement.

Round Table Conferences

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Results of long labor of the three session of the Round Table Conference were collected, summarized and published by the Government as proposals for the Indian Constitution in a document called White Paper.

White Paper (1933)

Government of India Act (1935)

The general elections of 1936 were held in the country on the line of this act.

Elections(1937) Both Congress and Muslim League were critical of the Government

Act 1935 but decided to participate in the elections held under it. The Congress won a great electoral victory. Punjab, Sindh, Bengal

and Assam were Muslim majority and Muslim predominance was formed in these provinces.

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Lahore Resolution (1940)

From 22nd-24th March 1940, twenty seventh annual session of Muslim League was held at Minto Park under presidentship of Jinnah.

The Lahore resolution bill was passed. Muslims responded to it enthusiastically whereas the Hindus condemned it.

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Britain and its allies were in an unfavorable turn in March due to Second World War. Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India who

made an offer known as Cripps offer. Jinnah was not satisfied by it and Muslim League rejected the offer. Congress also rejected the offer. However the greatest victory of Muslim nationalism came due to it when they accepted the principle idea of Pakistan.

Cripps Mission (1942)

‘Quit India’ Movement (1942)Gandhi began to press from an immediate withdrawal of the

British from India and transfer of power to Congress without any settlement with any other party. Violence and chaos, loot

and murder plunged the country into darkness. Government arrested Gandhi. Jinnah did not support Gandhi’s slogan

‘Quit India’, he replied with ‘Divide and Quit’.

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Jinnah- Gandhi Talks (1944)

Muslim League demanded for

division of India, Congress

emphasized on the unity of India

at its independence.

Gandhi and Jinnah met and the

former wanted the latter to prove

from his own mouth that the

whole of Pakistan proposition is

absurd. Gandhi suggested a

referendum in favor of separation

and said that Britishers should

first quit India and give power to

Congress and then Congress

would divided the Muslim majority

areas accordingly. Jinnah did not

agree and the talks broke down.

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Simla Conference

(1945)

The British government presented its

own proposal in the shape of Lord

Wavell plan. There was no unity in the

decision of members of the council.

Muslim League demanded all the 5

Muslim seats should be filled by their

party but it was not granted. Gandhi

wanted the 5 Hindu seats to be filled

by 5 caste Hindus.

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Muslim league contested that it would represent all Muslims of India and that Pakistan was the only solution. Congress demanded that it would represent all Indians and India will remain undivided.

General Elections (1946)

Delhi Convention(1946)Jinnah invited all those persons who had been

elected members on Muslim ticket. They all agreed that the destiny of Indian Muslims is Pakistan.

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Cabinet Mission (1946)

The Cabinet Mission had negotiations with top

leaders – Gandhi, Jinnah and others. They agreed

that there would be two groups of provinces,

Hindu and Muslim. The provincial government will

deal with other subjects. It rejected the idea of

partition and the Pakistan scheme.

The Cabinet proposed a long term plan and a short

term plan. The former was for constitution making

body and latter was for an interim government. It

was to be accepted fully or rejected. If rejected the

British government had the right to select any

group of his choice to form the government. The

Muslim League and the Congress accepted the

scheme.

Congress first refused to join the interim

government, Muslim League was expected to go

ahead with it but the Viceroy backed out.

Muslim League fixed 16th August as ‘Direct Action

Day’ to get rid of British domination. Communal

riots took place in Calcutta and there was great

killing of the Muslims.

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The Congress took a sharp turn on August 8 and accepted the Cabinet May 16 Plan. The Muslim League leaders accessed the situation and realized that they cannot leave the field open for Congress and also entered the Interim Government. Nehru was appointed Vice-President in absence of Governor General but he didn’t enjoy any special powers. Government machinery was misused for the party purposes. The coalition was a very uneasy partnership.

Communal riots had broken at various parts of the country to the extent of civil war.

British Prime Minister Attlee, on 20th February, 1947 made this statement:His Majesty’s Government wish to make it clear that it is

their definite intention to take necessary steps to affect the transfer of power to responsible Indian hands by a date not later that June 1948”.

The Interim Government (1946)

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The 3rd June Plan (1947)

In March 1947, Lord Wavell was

recalled and was replaced by Lord

Mountbatten as Viceroy of India. He

had a good relationship with Nehru. He

found India to be gripped in communal

riots, British troops wanted to go back

to their homeland and he found that

partition was the only way out of this

tangle. He consulted the British

Government and on 3rd June announced

a new plan. Which was that no plan for

preserving the political unity of India

was acceptable to the political parties

and that the solution to the dilemma

was transferring the British power to

two governments.

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The Implementation of 3rd June Plan

Total votes were

taken in

comparison to the

favorable votes and

if the favorable

votes were more,

that province was

made a part of

Pakistan.

Thus by free votes

of its own people all

the Muslim majority

areas declared

themselves in favor

of Pakistan.

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India Independence Bill was introduced in the House of Commons by Prime Minister Attlee himself on 4th July. It was passed on 15th July.

Separate provincial governments were set up for India and Pakistan on 20th July. On 7th August Jinnah left India for the last time and flew to Karachi, the capital of the new Dominion of Pakistan.

The constituent assembly met on 11 August and elected him as its President.

On 13th August Mountbatten came to Karachi and on 14th August addressed the Constituent Assembly.

Pakistan officially became free on 15th August, 1947 when Jinnah was sworn in as Governor General and the new Pakistan Cabinet took office.

India Independence Act (1947)

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The Making of PakistanChapter 6

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The British occupied Punjab in 1849. In 1906 Sir Fazl-e-Husain (1877-1936) formed Muslim League

at Lahore.The protest against the Rowlatt Act in the Jallianwala Bagh in

Amritsar took 379 lives and wounded over 1200 people. Khilafat movement started in 1919 and gained momentum in

Punjab.Two eminent Punjabis tried to restore communal harmony

and these were Fazl-e-Husain and Choudhary Chhotu Ram (1881-1945).

In 1930 a powerful man raised his voice, he was none other than Sir Mohammed Iqbal (1877- 1938).

On 23rd June 1947, Western section of Punjab voted in favor of partition.

Role of Punjab in Pakistan Movement

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The British occupied Sindh by aggression in 1843.The All India Muslim Leagues first meeting was held in Karachi

in 1907.Raisul-Muhajireen Jan Muhammed Junejo participated in the

Khilafat movement from Sindh. In 1917 he assisted Mr. Ghulam Mohammed Bhurgri in the establishment of the Muslim Leagues Karachi branch.

Sindh was separated from Bombay in the Government of India Act, 1935.

Sir Abdullah Haroon expressed his utmost support to Pakistan Resolution on 23rd March 1940, at Lahore.

Mr G.M.Syed was appointed by Jinnah to organize Sindhi Muslims for the creation of political conscious in them.

On 26th June 1947, the Sindh Legislative Assembly decided at a special sitting that Sindh should join the new Constitution of Pakistan and thus became the first province to opt for Pakistan.

Role of Sindh in Pakistan Movement

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Before partition, Balochistan was the most backward region of Muslim India.

Jinnah’s 14 points sponsored the political cause of the province.

Yousuf Ali Khan Magsi appointed an editor Abdul Aziz Kurd and also together they founded ‘Anjum-e-Ittehad-e-Balochistan’.

Qazi Isa, a young Pathan lawyer of the province, established Balochistan Muslim League in cooperation with Jinnah in 1939.

A fair representation of Balochis was present at the Lahore Resolution.

Jinnah made some visits to Quetta and Kalat. A referendum date was fixed by the members who decided

unanimously to join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan one day earlier.

Role of Balochistan in Pakistan Movement