chapter 5 a question of pressure. pressure: its different with solids liquids and gasses
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Chapter 5
A Question of Pressure
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Pressure: Its different with solids liquids and gasses
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GravityThe Major problem of circulation which is made worse because we walk up-right
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Water Compresses Gas
Gravity is Pressure on gas, it compresses it
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Cardiovascular System
• Heart: A 4 chambered muscular bump
• Blood Vessels: Paths through which blood can flow
• Blood: Water, molecules, ions, and Cells
• Purpose: To distribute resources around the body
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Heart (left side)
Arteries
Capillaries
VeinsHeart (Right side)
Lungs Capillaries
(O2 in) (CO2) out
O2
O2
O2
O2OUT
CO2
CO2
IN
CO2
CO2
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Heart: a pump that contracts and relaxes rhythmically
Relaxed: Blood enters the heart
Contraction: Pushes blood out of the heart
Heart Cells have an intrinsic rhythm
Atrial cells ~70 beats/min
Ventrical cells~ 30 beats/min
Left atria: The pace maker
The Rhythm of the Heart
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Heart: Pressurized water pump that delivers ions, molecules and heat around the body
Very important in gas exchange: eg flow of CO2 and O2 around the body
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Control of the Heart
• Without any input from the brain the heart will contract to the rhythm of the pacemaker
• The autonomic nervous system can alter the rate and strength of contraction– Parasympathetic: slower, weaker– Sympathetic: faster, stronger
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Blood Pressure
• Eg. 120/60
• For Blood to move, the pressure generated by the heart must exceed the back Pressure in the system.
• The difference between the “top” and “bottom” numbers is the pressure to do the work of moving the blood
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Measuring Blood Pressure
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Blood Flow
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As a artery gets larger resistance goes down and flow goes up
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The rule also applies to forks in the road
Resistance is how open/closed an artery is
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Local Volume control
• By opening and closing arteries the brain can change the volume of blood going to different places in the body– Acute stress– Temperature regulation– Digestion– Immune/Inflammatory reactions: volume can
leave circulation (swelling , congestion)
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General Volume Control
• The amount of Water in the body can change
• The concentrations of ions must be maintained “just right”
• Na+ : The most important ion for volume control
• Low salt diets
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A Balance
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Kidney
• Kidney: Filters out water, ions and small molecules from circulation and returns the “right amount of each to circulation
• Generally all small molecules such as sugars and amino acids are returned (not Urea)
• Return of water and ions must be balances
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Control of the Kidney
• Blood flow to the kidney: how much blood is filtered (autonomic nervous system)
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary: increases the recovery of water (low blood pressure high Na+ concentration
• Mineralocorticoids a steroid from the adrenal gland: increases the recovery of Na+ ( low Na+
concentration)
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Problems with Blood Pressure
• Prehypertension: >140/90– Volume– Resistance– Congestive heart failure
Hyoptension: harder to define (athletes)
gravity
shock
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Back to the Problem of Blood Distribution
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The Sinuses Prevent Blood from Falling out of the Head
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Returning Blood from the Feet: Push and Suck
Push Suck
The expanding chest when you breath
The expanding heart when it relaxes
Skeletal Muscles
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Water Environments of the Body
With out circulation the large water environments inside and outside cells starve and become stagnant
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Control of circulation
• Heart: How often, how strong
• Arteries: How open
• Capillaries: exchange permeability
• Veins: Push and suck
• Kidney: General volume control
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Metabolic Syndrome
• Diabetes
• Hypertension
• Athrosclerosis
• Blindness
• Kidney failure
• Impotance
• stroke