chapter 5 - cell membrane structure and function 5.1 how is the structure of a membrane related to...
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Chapter 5 - Cell Membrane Structure and Function
• 5.1 How is the structure of a membrane related to its function?
• 5.2 How do substances move across membranes?
• 5.3 How do specialized junctions allow cells to connect and communicate?
5.1 How Is the Structure of a Membrane Related to Its Function?
1. Selectively isolates cell’s contents from outside (phospholipids)
2. Regulates exchange of substances in and out (proteins)
3. Communicates with other cells (proteins)
4. Create attachments within & between cells (proteins)
5. Regulate many biochemical reactions (proteins)
Fluid Mosaic Model
head(hydrophilic)
tails(hydrophobic)
C
CHCH2
CH2
CH2
CHC
O
O
N OPH3C
CH3
O
O
OH2C
O
HC
CH2
O
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
CH2CH2
CH3
unsaturated
phospholipid
hydrophilicheads
hydrophobictails
hydrophilicheads
extracellular fluid(watery environment)
cytoplasm(watery environment)
bilayer
(This picture is not in edition 7)
Kinks increase membrane fluidity
Membrane Proteins Form a Mosaic
• Proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
– Some proteins can float and drift– Other proteins are anchored by protein
filaments in the cytoplasm– Many proteins have attached carbohydrates
(glycoproteins)
5.1 How Is the Structure of a Membrane Related to Its Function?
• 5 major types of membrane proteins– Receptor Proteins
– Recognition Proteins
– Enzymatic Proteins
– Attachment Proteins
– Transport Proteins
• (This section has changed slightly from ed. 7)
Proteins in the Membrane
• Glycoprotein are a protein with a carbohydrate attached (diverse functions not mentioned in this book)
• Receptor Proteins: hormones or nutrients attach and trigger cellular responses
(Picture not in ed. 7)
Receptor Proteins
Proteins in the Membrane
• Recognition Proteins – Many are glycoproteins– ID tags and surface attachment sites– Immune system
• Enzyme Proteins– Promote chemical reactions that synthesize
or break apart biological molecules
Proteins in the Membrane
• Attachment Proteins – Anchor the cell membrane to inner
cytoskeleton, to proteins outside the cell, and to other cells
• Transport Proteins– Channel Proteins create pores for water-
soluble molecules to pass through– Carrier Proteins attach to molecules and
help them across
5.2 How Do Substances Move Across Membranes?
• Know the following definitions:– Fluid: any substance whose molecules
move freely past each other (both liquid and gas)
– Solutes: a substance that can be dissolved– Solvent: Fluid capable of dissolving solute– Concentration: number of molecules of a
substance in a given volume of fluid
More Definitions
• A gradient is a physical difference in properties such as temperature, pressure, electrical change and/or concentrations between 2 adjoining regions
• Diffusion: movement of particles from high to low concentration driven by a gradient
Principles of Diffusion• Net movement of molecules down a gradient
from high to low concentration
• The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion
• The higher the temperature, the faster the rate
• If no other processes intervene, diffusion will continue until gradient is gone
• Diffusion cannot move molecules rapidly over long distances
5.2 How Do Substances Move Across Membranes?
• Movement Across Membranes Occurs by Both Passive and Active Transport
• Active transport requires energy to be added
• Passive transport doesn’t need energy
5.2 How Do Substances Move Across Membranes?
• Diffusion– Diffusion can happen in a fluid or across a
membrane– Plasma membranes are selectively
permeable– Some molecules can permeate (pass
through)– To some molecules, the membrane is
impermeable (cannot pass through)
Many ions are transported this way
Facilitated diffusion only works with (or down) the gradient
Principles of Osmosis
• Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membranes
• Water moves across a membrane down (or with) the concentration gradient
• From high to low water concentration• Dissolved substances reduce the
concentration of free water molecules in solution
• “Having the same strength”• Extracellular fluid of animals is usually isotonic to cytoplasmic fluid• Gradients of dissolved particles equal (but not types)
• “Having greater strength”• Dissolved particles higher outside• In this case, salt is higher on the outside
• “Having lesser strength”• Dissolved particles lower outside• In this case, salt is lower or non-existent on the outside
Active Transport
• Active transport uses cellular energy to move molecules against their concentration gradients
• ATP (usually) donates energy to change the shape of the protein and move it across
• These are often called ATP pumps
Cells Engulf Particles or Fluids by Endocytosis
• Endocystosis is Greek for “into the cell”
• Three types:
– Pinocytosis
– Receptor-mediated endocytosis
– Phagocytosis
A dimple forms in the plasma membrane, which deepens and surrounds the extracellular fluid. The membrane encloses the extracellular fluid, forming a vesicle.
Pinocytosis “cell drinking”
3
3
(extracellular fluid)
(cytoplasm)
vesicle containing extracellularfluid
2
2
1
1
Receptor proteins for specific molecules or complexes of molecules are localized at coated pit sites. The receptors bindthe molecules and the membrane dimples inward. The coatedpit region of the membrane encloses the receptor-bound molecules. A vesicle ("coated vesicle") containing the bound molecules is released into the cytoplasm.
(extracellular fluid)
(cytoplasm)
1
1
2
3 4
4
32
1
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
nutrientsreceptors
coated pit
coated vesicle
proteincoating
coated pit
extracellular particlesbound to receptors
plasma membrane
(cyto-plasm)
(extracellular fluid)
coated vesicle
0.1 micrometer
The plasma membrane extends pseudopods toward an extracellular particle (for example, food). The ends of the pseudopods fuse, encircling the particle. A vesicle calleda food vacuole is formed containing the engulfed particle.
(extracellular fluid)
(cytoplasm)
pseudopods
food vacuole
food particle
12
3
1 2
3
Phagocytosis “cell eating”
5.2 How Do Substances Move Across Membranes?
• Pinocytosis moves liquids into the cell
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis moves specific molecules into the cell
• Phagocytosis moves large particles into the cell
• Exocytosis moves material out of the cell (Greek for “out of the cell”)
plasma membrane
(cytoplasm)
vesicle
secretedmaterial
(extracellular fluid)
plasma membrane
vesicle
0.2 micrometer
secretedmaterial
4.3 How Are Cell Surfaces Specialized?
• Various Specialized Junctions Allow Cells to Connect and Communicate– Desmosomes (animals) attach cells
together– Tight junctions (animals) make the cell
leakproof– Gap junctions (animals) communication
between cells– Plasmodesmata (plants) communication
between cells
desmosome
small intestine
plasma membranes(edge view)
cells lining smallintestine
proteinfilaments incytoplasm
Desmosome
urinary bladder
plasma membranes(edge view)
cells lining bladder
Tight junction
liver
liver cells
plasma membrane
Gap junctions
Hormones, nutrients, ions and electrical signals
plasma membrane cell wall
rootcells
root
Plasmodesmata
Water, nutrients and hormones