chapter 5: consciousness (* asterisks indicate a vocabulary term or information you need to know...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5: Consciousness(* Asterisks indicate a
Vocabulary Term or Information you need to
Know About a Vocabulary Term)
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Objective-Consciousness
• I will be able to apply the concepts learned about consciousness on tests, and on individual and group assignments
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Consciousness Terms on AP Exams in Recent Years
• Tolerance• Sleep Apnea• Marijuana / Hallucinogens• Hilgard’s Dissociative Theory of Hypnosis• State Theory of Hypnosis• The Sleep Cycle• Activation Synthesis Dream Model• Information Processing theory of Dreams• REM Sleep• REM Rebound• Circadian rhythm
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Consciousness topics
SLEEP:• 1. Why do we Sleep?• 2.What are the stages of sleep?
DREAMING:• 2.What purpose does dreaming serve?• 4. What happens when we are dream
deprived?
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS(hypnosis, drugs, alcohol)
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Consciousness: Personal Awareness
Awareness of Internal and External Stimuli
or Awareness of ourselves (feelings, sensations, thoughts) and our environment (things going on outside of ourselves)
Consciousness has Levels
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Consciousness
Levels of Consciousness: from being
completely aware/alert to being totally unconscious; other levels=
1. Daydreaming (low level of awareness needed-)
2. Altered States (meds, drugs, hypnosis, sleep deprivation)
3. Sleep and Dreams
4. Implicit Memory (mental/emotional processes we are unaware of but effect us)
5. Unconscious (anesthesia, blow to the head, disease)
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Waking Consciousness
All of the thoughts and feelings we have when we are awake and alert.
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Sleep/Waking Research
• Instruments used in sleep labs:– Electroencephalograph(EEG) – brain
electrical activity– Electromyograph (EMG) – muscle activity – Electrooculograph (EOG)– eye
movements– Other bodily functions also observed (heart
rate, breathing)
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The Electroencephalograph:A Physiological Index of Consciousness
• *EEG – monitors brain electrical activity as in brain waves=shows dif. levels of consciousness (awake, asleep, brain dead)
• *The brain wave tracings vary in (p179):– *Amplitude (height)
– *Frequency (cycles per second)
*Alpha =awake, relaxed
*Delta -large, slow brain waves of deep sleep, stages4)
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Table 5.1 EEG Patterns Associated with States of Consciousness
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Sleep Stages• *Stage 1: brief, transitional, light sleep, drifting thoughts and
images, hallucinations=sensory experiences without sensory stimuli (1-7 minutes); awoken easily
*hypnic jerks (sensation of falling); incorporate stage 1 info. into memory- (i.e.,alien abductions claimed here)
• *Stage 2: sleep spindles (is burst of brain activity visible on an EEG )-you are asleep here (about 20 minutes); sleep talking common here; awoken easily
• *Stages 3 & 4: slow-wave or delta sleep (30 minutes to get there and stay for 30 minutes); deep sleep; won’t hear thunder
*Stage 4: deepest phase; difficult to wake from-blood flow to brain reduced; marked secretion of growth hormone (GH-controls metabolism, physical growth, brain development)
• *Stage 5=*REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement) heart rate, blood pressure 2X that of non-REM; EEG brain waves similar to awake,-so aka Paradoxical Sleep; muscles paralyzed, vivid dreaming ;2 hrs a night in REM,
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*Sleep Cycle
• *Repeats every 90 minutes, 4 to 7Xs per night
• Stage 4 gets briefer then disappears• *REM and stage 2 get longer (40 to 60
minutes)
*Stages 1-4 = NREM (non-REM)-Marked by no REM, little dreaming
*Stage 5/ REM vivid dreams
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Figure 5.5 An overview of the cycle of sleep
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What is Our Biological Clock?
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Biological Rhythms and Sleep
• *Circadian Rhythms/cycle – 24 hr bio. Cycles- reacts to changes in darkness and light-BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS– Regulates sleep/other body functions
• *Physiological path of the biological clock:– Light retina suprachiasmatic nucleus
of hypothalamus pineal gland secretion of melatonin (hormone that regulates CR/ bio.clock)
Melatonin increases in pm, decreases in amJet Lag (occurs as we cross over time zones)-
throws off out Circadian Rhythm
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Biological Circadian Clock-located in the hypothalamus
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What happens when we ignore our clock to go to sleep at a different time?
Jet Lag
Chronic Jet lag associate with decrease cognitive performance
Readjustment takes a day for each time zone crossed
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Can taking Melatonin Help to reset our biological clocks?
-reset clock by spending a day outside in light
*Know: melatonin impacts cycle of awake and sleep
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Other events that throw off our biological clock
Rotating Work Shifts-harder to adjust to than jet lag
Studies show productivity decreases, accidents go up; social relations and physical and mental health are impacted.
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What happens if we lack sleep?
• Increased hunger/weight gain• Decreased mood, concentration, immune
function (most important)• Irritable• Mistakes
-Memory impaired
-hypertension (high blood pressure)
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Sleep Deprivation
• Partial deprivation or sleep restriction– impaired attention, reaction time,
coordination, and decision making – accidents: Chernobyl, Challenger– Medical errors of residents working 80
hours – Truck drivers, young drivers, rotating shifts,
any night shift worker
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Sleep Deprivation
• Complete deprivation– 3 or 4 days max for most people
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Figure 5.9 Effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
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Figure 5.7 The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
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Culture may affect the differences seen
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Why We sleep-*Researchers can’t fully explain the why
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Why Do We Sleep?
– conserve organisms’ energy– Immobilization during sleep reduces
danger– recuperate-restore and repair brain tissue– Making memories-restore fading memories
of day’s experience – Feeds creative thinking– growth
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Sleep Deprivation
• Selective deprivation-being deprived of REM sleep
– REM and slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4): rebound effect
*REM Rebound effect = when deprived REM sleep, spend extra time in REM when they are able to sleep
*Rebound effect -similar results found for slow wave, DELTA sleep
In one study, researchers had to waken subjects 64 times after three nights of REM deprivation
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*Deprived of REM =anxious, irritable and hungry
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What can we assume about REM and slow wave sleep? Theories:
1. *Memory Consolidation/ Information-Processing Dream Theory=REM and slow wave sleep help “firm up” days learning=may be why babies need more sleep.
(But, why do we dream about things that never happened?)
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*Freud Called dreams the “psychic safety valve.” WHY???
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Why We Dream- Theories
• 2.*Freud-wish fulfillment, satisfy unconscious needs for sex, accomplishments; (research does not support)
* manifest content (actual dream story line) and *latent content (hidden meaning and symbols) of dreams
• 3.*Rosalind Cartwright-cognitive problem solving view-work through our problems- more creative since not constrained by logic (limited support for this view)
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Why We Dream-Theories*4. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley-
Activation-Synthesis Model= a story is created to make sense of neural signals that produce “wide awake” brain waves during REM
• 5. Physiological function-brain stimulation from REM helps to develop and preserve neural pathways-our BRAIN STAYS ACTIVE
*No conclusion as to why, but REM is needed! Some proof: Most mammals experience REM rebound
*Wake during REM-more likely to remember dream
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Figure 5.14 Three theories of dreaming
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Dreaming Quick Facts
Children recall 20 to 30% of dreams after REM awakening
Adult recall is 80%
Children’s content: under 5-images, no storyline; 5 to 8-dream narratives, not well developed, adult like at 11-13 (aggression/misfortune)
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Dreaming Quick Facts
• *Non-REM-less vivid, less visual and less story like• People are usually aware they are dreaming• Hall-dreams center on common sources of internal
conflict, such as taking chances or playing it safe. People dream very little about public affairs/ current events.
• Dreams are self centered-about us
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Dream Content• incorporate previous days
experiences
• Sensory stimuli (ringing phone, a loud noise, etc..) may be woven into our dreams
• Dreams may reflect our culture and daily activities
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Men and Women’s Dream Content-reflect conventional gender roles
Men
• Strangers show up more
• Act aggressively more
• Love encounters w/attractive female strangers
women
• Dream of children
• Target of aggression
• Love encounters w/ boyfriend or husband
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Sleep Disorders
• *Narcolepsy – falling asleep uncontrollably , some go from wakefulness to REM (w/loss of muscle tension )for 5 to 10 minutes
• *Sleep Apnea – gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep
• *Nightmares – anxiety arousing dreams that lead to wakening in REM-more common in children-usually disappear – emotional issues may be cause
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Sleep Disorders
• *Somnambulism (during stage 4, slow wave, DELTA sleep) – sleepwalking, may awaken or return to bed with no recollection of event
Last 15 to 30 minutes*Causes: genetic dispositionIT IS SAFE TO WAKEN THEM!
*
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*Sleep Problems
• *Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep, or early morning wakings-same problems as sleep deprived
*Causes- anxiety, emotional/health issues, health issues, stimulant drugs
*Medications –benzodiazepine (aka barbiturates) -can be used but can cause dependence, sleepiness, *rebound insomnia –when you go off of drug you have worse insomnia
• *Night Terrors – intense arousal and panic – in NREM, more common in children, no dreams are recalled-does not indicate emotional problem
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REM Sleep Disorder
act out dreams-muscles not paralyzed, caused by neurological damage, in some cases causes unknown
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Figure 5.12 Sleep problems and the cycle of sleep
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Hypnosis
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Hypnosis: Altered State of Consciousness• *Hypnosis = heightened suggestibility,
narrowed attention and enhanced fantasy *Power is in the subject and not the
hypnotist• *No changes in EEG activity from wake to this
state• *Hypnotic susceptibility: individual
differences- those that are suggestible will also respond to suggestion without hypnosis-called imaginative suggestibility
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Can Hypnosis Enhance Recall of Forgotten Events?
• Age Regression to childhood? They act as they think children would; may print like a 6 yr old, but spell correctly; no change in brain waves
• ‘Hypnotically Refreshed’ memories-combine fact with fiction
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Can Hypnosis Force People to Act Against Their Will?
Page 193-NO-only do what we think is acceptable behavior
*Can Hypnosis Alleviate Pain? YES
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Effects Produced through *Hypnosis (all information is part of Hypnosis)
1. Anesthesia for pain
2. Sensory distortions and hallucinations (smell things not there, see things not there)
3. Disinhibition (may occur b/c one feels he is not responsible for behavior)
4. Posthypnotic suggestion –amnesia of hypnotic event common but subjects, when pressed, subjects remember
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Theories of Hypnosis
*No changes in EEG activity from wake to this state
1. *Role Playing Theory – Barber and Spanos-subjects act out role expectations (such as age regression-facts recalled were inaccurate)-no special state of consciousness is needed to explain hypnotic feats (“human planks”)
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Theories of Hypnosis*2. It is an altered state of consciousness
=proof is surgery without anesthetic and brain activity consistent with reports of pain suppression (DUE TO DISTRACTING ATTENTION)
*3.Earnest Hilgard supports dissociation theory=hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness (one part – a hidden observer- monitors what is happening while the other part obeys hypnotic suggestion-similar to highway hypnosis- autopilot type driving
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Psychoactive Drugs-How They Work • *Psychoactive drugs-chemicals that change brain
chemistry through actions at neural synapses and induce an altered state of consciousness
• *Neurotransmitters=chemicals that transmit information between neurons at junctions called synapses
• *Agonists-drugs that mimic (act as) neurotransmitters
• *Antagonists - drugs that do not mimic but block neurotransmitters
• *Drugs alter the natural levels of neurotransmitters in brain
• See figure 5.15 on page 204
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How Drugs Work
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*DEPRESSANTS
*DEPRESSANTS (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates) All relax central nervous system-alcohol combined w/ barbiturates are deadly since both depress CNS
• Alcohol-disinhibition-sexual and otherwise, memory disruption, shrinks brain, decreased self awareness/control
• *Narcotics (opiates) –morphine, heroin- pain relieving, euphoria, relaxation
• *Sedatives (barbiturates) – sleep inducing, anticonvulsant, euphoria, relaxed reduced inhibitions
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*Stimulants (know all)caffeine(most widely consumed
psychoactive substance) , nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy (combines stimulant and mild hallucinogen-street name for MDMA, Molly) methamphetamine–all excite neural/CNS activity , elation, energy, excitement, increased heart rate, decreased appetite
• Methamphetamine releases dopamine and increases energy and euphoria
Stimulants medically used to treat ADHD, narcolepsy, and BED
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*Hallucinogens (know All)
• Hallucinogens/Psychedelics (LSD, mescaline, Ecstacy, Psilocybin– no medical uses-distort sensory and perceptual experience
• Hallucinogens cause vivid, distorted images not based on sensory input
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• *Cannabis (marijuana, Hashish, THC-all derived from plant)–glaucoma and chemo - produce mild, relaxed euphoria, altered perceptions, enhanced awareness
• *MDMA (or ecstasy)–mix of amphetamines and hallucinogens- produces warm, friendly euphoria, feel sensual/empathetic
• See table 5.3 in your text on page 207
*Mild Hallucinogens (know all)
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Drug Terms*Tolerance-is neuroadaptation; need for more and
more drug for same effect
*Withdrawal-fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, sever pain (from heroin, barbiturates and alcohol); fatigue, apathy, irritability, depression (from stimulants)
*Substance Dependence/Addiction-evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms
*Physical Dependence/Addiction-have tolerance, and experience withdrawal without it
*Psychological Dependence-are convinced they need it to feel a certain way and to perform/function socially
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Table 5.3 Psychoactive Drugs: Tolerance, Dependence, Potential for Fatal Overdose, and Health Risks