Chapter 5Chapter 5: Ecosystems : Ecosystems and the Physical and the Physical

EnvironmentEnvironment

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~ll125/en/atmos.htm

The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere

HypothesiHypothesiss

Gaea= Greek Gaea= Greek “goddess of Earth” “goddess of Earth” or “mother” Earth.or “mother” Earth.

1970’s; This 1970’s; This theory proposed theory proposed global self-global self-regulationregulation.

HypothesiHypothesiss

Example: Earth’s temperature has Example: Earth’s temperature has remained stable due to organisms fixing remained stable due to organisms fixing COCO22 into Calcium Carbonate CaCO into Calcium Carbonate CaCO33 of of

shells. Corals, Crustacea…shells. Corals, Crustacea…

Planetary Temperature Planetary Temperature as aas a

Negative Feedback loop?Negative Feedback loop?

Example: A thermostat only turns on Example: A thermostat only turns on when the temperature drops below the when the temperature drops below the desirable temp. Once it reaches the desirable temp. Once it reaches the correct temperature the heat turns off.correct temperature the heat turns off.

Energy and MatterEnergy and Matter

Do Now: Biogeochemical Do Now: Biogeochemical cyclescycles Identify the five Identify the five Biogeochemical cycles.Biogeochemical cycles.

Identify some major reactions Identify some major reactions that occur for each.that occur for each.

Discuss their importance, be Discuss their importance, be sure to include the interaction sure to include the interaction between biotic & abiotic between biotic & abiotic factors.factors.

Biogeochemical cyclesBiogeochemical cycles Interaction between biotic & abiotic.Interaction between biotic & abiotic.

Transpiration, decomposition, Transpiration, decomposition, Photosynthesis and respirationPhotosynthesis and respiration

The recycling of materials to be used The recycling of materials to be used over & over again.over & over again.

5 examples are:5 examples are:1. Phosphorus cycle1. Phosphorus cycle

2. Nitrogen cycle2. Nitrogen cycle3. Hydrologic cycle3. Hydrologic cycle4. Carbon cycle4. Carbon cycle5. Sulfur cycle5. Sulfur cycle

Do Now: Do Now:

Draw a simple carbon for your Draw a simple carbon for your bioregion. Include all the relevant bioregion. Include all the relevant processes as well as the local / processes as well as the local / regional geographical features that regional geographical features that are part of the cycle. are part of the cycle.

The Carbon-CycleThe Carbon-Cycle Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are recycled Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are recycled

through the environment by the processes of through the environment by the processes of respirationrespiration and and photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Carbon makes up0.038% of our atmosphere Carbon makes up0.038% of our atmosphere (CO2)(CO2) Oceanic CarbonOceanic Carbon

Carbonate Carbonate (CO(CO3 3 2−2− ) )

Bicarbonate HBicarbonate HCOCO3 3 −− ) )

Dissolved organics from decayDissolved organics from decay Sedimentary RockSedimentary Rock

Limestone: Calcium carbonate Limestone: Calcium carbonate CaCOCaCO33

The Carbon-CycleThe Carbon-Cycle Atmospheric Carbon Atmospheric Carbon

0.038% of our atmosphere carbon dioxide CO0.038% of our atmosphere carbon dioxide CO2 2

Carbonic Acid (HCarbonic Acid (H22COCO33) )

Oceanic CarbonOceanic Carbon Carbonate (COCarbonate (CO3 3

2−2− ) )

Bicarbonate (HCOBicarbonate (HCO3 3 −− ) )

Dissolved organics from decayDissolved organics from decay Sedimentary RockSedimentary Rock

Limestone: AKA Calcium carbonate: (CaCOLimestone: AKA Calcium carbonate: (CaCO33))

The Carbon-CycleThe Carbon-Cycle1.1. COCO2 2 + H+ H2200 Carbonic Acid (H Carbonic Acid (H22COCO33))

(combines in rainwater)(combines in rainwater)

2. H2. H22COCO33-- HCO HCO3 3

−− and H and H++

(dissociates in soil)(dissociates in soil)

3. H3. H+ + (acidic) breaks down feldspar(acidic) breaks down feldspar Ca Ca2+2+

4. H4. H22COCO33- - + Ca+ Ca2+ 2+ CaCO CaCO33

(in runoff combines) forming(in runoff combines) forming

5. CaCO5. CaCO3 3 in runoff up taken and used by oceanic organismsin runoff up taken and used by oceanic organisms

6. Organisms die, sedimentation occurs forming Limestone 6. Organisms die, sedimentation occurs forming Limestone

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle

The Carbon cycleThe Carbon cycleThe Carbon-Cycle

The Carbon-CycleThe Carbon-Cycle

C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O 6CO2 + 12H2O + 36ATP’s

6CO2 + 12H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6H2O

Remember Remember Photosynthesis ??Photosynthesis ??

RespirationRespiration The transfer of stored energy The transfer of stored energy

in food molecules to a form in food molecules to a form usable by the organism.usable by the organism.

Involves the exchange of Involves the exchange of gases between the organism gases between the organism and the environment.and the environment.

ProcessProcess

Through the process of Through the process of respiration, the organism respiration, the organism produces produces adenosine adenosine triphosphatetriphosphate (ATP) which (ATP) which will be used for energy.will be used for energy.

RespirationRespiration Respiration-Respiration- is an organisms’ ability to is an organisms’ ability to

create energy. (ATPcreate energy. (ATP) )

Respiration

Aerobic RespirationAnaerobic

Respiration

Alcoholic

Fermentation

Lactic Acid

Fermentation

1. 1. Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration

Involves a series of Involves a series of enzyme-controlled enzyme-controlled reactions in which reactions in which energy in food is broken energy in food is broken down into energy that down into energy that the organism can use the organism can use (ATP)(ATP)

a) When ATP is broken a) When ATP is broken down, energy is released down, energy is released

and ADP is formedand ADP is formed ADP = adenosine diphosphateADP = adenosine diphosphate HH22O + ATP O + ATP ADP + P + ADP + P + energyenergy

This is the energy used by the body This is the energy used by the body to carry out the functions of lifeto carry out the functions of life

Types of Types of RespirationRespiration

1.1. Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

-involves the use of -involves the use of oxygenoxygen

2. 2. Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

-oxygen is not used-oxygen is not used

Anaerobic Anaerobic RespirationRespiration

Also known as FermentationAlso known as Fermentation Does not require oxygenDoes not require oxygen Takes place in the cytoplasm of Takes place in the cytoplasm of

cellcell Glucose is either broken down Glucose is either broken down

into into lactic acidlactic acid or or alcohol and COalcohol and CO22

As a result of anaerobic As a result of anaerobic respiration, there is a net gain of respiration, there is a net gain of 2 ATP’s2 ATP’s

Equations for Equations for Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

glucose glucose 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s 2 lactic acids + 2 ATP’s

glucose glucose 2 alcohol + 2 CO 2 alcohol + 2 CO22 + 2 + 2 ATP’sATP’s

In each equation, enzymes are used and a In each equation, enzymes are used and a net gain of 2 ATP’s are producednet gain of 2 ATP’s are produced

Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Requires oxygenRequires oxygen Takes place in the mitochondriaTakes place in the mitochondria When we say that glucose is When we say that glucose is

oxidized, we say that it is broken oxidized, we say that it is broken down with the help of oxygen down with the help of oxygen moleculesmolecules

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SummarySummary

Anaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’sAnaerobic Respiration = 2 ATP’s

Aerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’sAerobic Respiration = 36 ATP’s

Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more Therefore, Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic respiration efficient than anaerobic respiration

The Carbon-CycleThe Carbon-Cycle

GlycolysisGlycolysis

MitochondrionMitochondrionAn oval An oval membrane membrane enclosed enclosed organelle in which organelle in which most of the most of the reactions of reactions of cellular cellular respiration occur.respiration occur.

Aerobic Respiration (Net gain of ATP)

1)Glycolysis (2 ATP’s)

2)Krebs Cycle (2 ATP’s)

3)Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (32 ATP’s)

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle Nitrogen is needed by all living things Nitrogen is needed by all living things

because it is part of the structure of because it is part of the structure of amino acids and proteins.amino acids and proteins.

The Nitrogen cycle includes the The Nitrogen cycle includes the following reactions nitrogen-fixation, following reactions nitrogen-fixation, nitrification, ammonification, and nitrification, ammonification, and denitrification.denitrification.

Humans have increased fixed nitrogen Humans have increased fixed nitrogen levels (smog, and acid rain HNOlevels (smog, and acid rain HNO3 3 = = Nitric acid) Nitric acid)

http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/facilities/multimedia/index.php?Page=280

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle In this cycle, nitrogenous wastes and In this cycle, nitrogenous wastes and

the remains of dead organisms are the remains of dead organisms are converted by decomposers and soil converted by decomposers and soil bacteria into compounds that can be bacteria into compounds that can be used by autotrophs. used by autotrophs.

5 steps5 steps

1.1. Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation N2N2NH3NH32.2. Nitrification Nitrification NH3 NO2- NO3-

3.3. Assimilation N-based compounds into Assimilation N-based compounds into tissuestissues

4.4. Ammonification Ammonification waste waste NH3, NH+4, NH3, NH+4,

5.5. Denitrification (Denitrification (NH3, NO2-, NO3-) N2

The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle

N2N2

UreaUrea

(NO2-, NO3-)(NO2-, NO3-)NH3,NH3,

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen fixation Nitrogen fixation Occurs in Legumes Occurs in Legumes Roots (clover)Roots (clover) N2 N2NH3NH3

Nitrification: bacteria convert NH3 NO2- NO3-

Denitrification: Bacteria convert

(Anaerobic nitrifying Bacteria)

NH3 N2

NO2- N2

NO3- N2

AmmonificationAmmonification: : NH3, NH NH3, NH++4, 4, Ammonifying Ammonifying

bacteria use animal wastes (urea and uric acid)bacteria use animal wastes (urea and uric acid)

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle The Nitrogen cycle includes the following The Nitrogen cycle includes the following

reactions:reactions: 1. 1. Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation: the conversion of N: the conversion of N22 to NH to NH33 (ammonia) (ammonia)

by Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium in legume root by Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium in legume root nodules) as well as nodules) as well as cyanocyanobacteria (bacteria (AnabaenaAnabaena & heterocysts). & heterocysts).

Nitrogen is “fixed” into a form that can be used. Bacteria use Nitrogen is “fixed” into a form that can be used. Bacteria use nitrogenasenitrogenase (shielded from O (shielded from O22) to split N) to split N22..Also lightning & volcanic activity.Also lightning & volcanic activity.

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle 2. 2. NitrificationNitrification: the conversion of : the conversion of

ammonia NHammonia NH33 or ammonium NH or ammonium NH44++ to to

NONO33--.(when water reacts with .(when water reacts with

ammonia). ammonia). Soil bacteria such as Soil bacteria such as NitrosomonasNitrosomonas & &

Nitrococcus Nitrococcus start NHstart NH33 or ammonium or ammonium NHNH44

++ to NO to NO22--

Then Then NitrobacterNitrobacter oxidizes NO oxidizes NO22- - to NOto NO33

--..

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle 3. 3. AssimilationAssimilation: the conversion of : the conversion of

inorganic N (NOinorganic N (NO33--, NH, NH33, NH, NH44

++) to ) to organic molecules (amino acids & organic molecules (amino acids & proteins). proteins).

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle4. 4. AmmonificationAmmonification: the conversion of : the conversion of

organic N (amino acids & proteins) organic N (amino acids & proteins) to NHto NH33 & NH & NH44

++, performed by , performed by Ammonifying bacteria. (Creating Ammonifying bacteria. (Creating ammonia or ammonium)ammonia or ammonium)

Conversion of Nitrogenous wastes:Conversion of Nitrogenous wastes:

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

5. 5. DenitrificationDenitrification: the conversion : the conversion (reduction) of NO(reduction) of NO33

-- to N to N22 performed performed by denitrifying bacteria.by denitrifying bacteria.

The nitrogen cycle.The nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

The Nitrogen-Cycle

Do Now answerDo Now answer

Explain the meaning of “nitrogen Explain the meaning of “nitrogen fixation.” Give a specific example of fixation.” Give a specific example of an organism capable of this process an organism capable of this process and discuss the relationship this and discuss the relationship this organism has with plants.organism has with plants.

Do Now answerDo Now answer

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) gaseous nitrogen to ammonia (NH3) by bacteria, by bacteria, Rhizobium,Rhizobium, that live that live inside special swellings, or nodules on inside special swellings, or nodules on the roots of legumes such as beans or the roots of legumes such as beans or peas. The relationship is mutualistic. peas. The relationship is mutualistic. The bacteria receive carbohydrates The bacteria receive carbohydrates from the plant, and the plant receives from the plant, and the plant receives nitrogen in a form it can use. nitrogen in a form it can use.

The Phosphorus-CycleThe Phosphorus-CycleNongaseous phosphorus cycles from Nongaseous phosphorus cycles from

land to sediments in the ocean and land to sediments in the ocean and then back to land.then back to land.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for all life forms.

Phosphorus plays a role in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The Phosphorus-CycleThe Phosphorus-Cycle

The Phosphorus-CycleThe Phosphorus-Cycle

The Phosphorus-CycleThe Phosphorus-Cycle In freshwater and marine systems exists In freshwater and marine systems exists

in either a particulate phase or a in either a particulate phase or a dissolved phase. dissolved phase. Particulate matterParticulate matter includes living and dead includes living and dead

plankton, precipitates of phosphorus, plankton, precipitates of phosphorus, phosphorus adsorbed to particulates, and phosphorus adsorbed to particulates, and amorphous phosphorus. amorphous phosphorus.

Dissolved phaseDissolved phase includes inorganic includes inorganic phosphorus (generally in the soluble phosphorus (generally in the soluble orthophosphate form), organic phosphorus orthophosphate form), organic phosphorus excreted by organisms, and macromolecular excreted by organisms, and macromolecular colloidal phosphorus.colloidal phosphorus.

The Phosphorus-CycleThe Phosphorus-Cycle

In freshwater and marine In freshwater and marine systems exists in either a systems exists in either a particulate phase or a particulate phase or a dissolved phase. dissolved phase.

Particulate matter includes Particulate matter includes living and dead plankton & living and dead plankton & precipitates of phosphorus.precipitates of phosphorus.

The Phosphorus-CycleThe Phosphorus-Cycle

The Sulfur-CycleThe Sulfur-Cycle

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle Here water moves between the earth’s surface Here water moves between the earth’s surface

and the atmosphere.and the atmosphere. Evaporation, Condensation, aerobic respirationEvaporation, Condensation, aerobic respiration

and and transpirationtranspiration in plants. in plants. Estuaries are areas where fresh water meets Estuaries are areas where fresh water meets

marine areas.marine areas. Watersheds are large areas where runoff drains Watersheds are large areas where runoff drains

from the terrestrial to the marine from the terrestrial to the marine environments. These areas filter the water as environments. These areas filter the water as well.well.

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

The Hydrologic-Cycle The Effect of Aerosols?

DO NOW: DO NOW: Pick any one cycle and Pick any one cycle and

describe it as scientifically as describe it as scientifically as possible…. possible….

DO NOW: DO NOW: Bacteria are key participants in the Bacteria are key participants in the

sulfur and nitrogen biogeochemical sulfur and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles. Briefly describe the role of cycles. Briefly describe the role of oxygen in the various bacteria’s oxygen in the various bacteria’s ability to process sulfur and ability to process sulfur and nitrogen. nitrogen.

DO NOW: DO NOW: answersanswers Bacteria drive both the sulfur and nitrogen cycles. In Bacteria drive both the sulfur and nitrogen cycles. In

freshwater wetlands, tidal flats, and flooded soils, which freshwater wetlands, tidal flats, and flooded soils, which are oxygen-deficient, bacteria convert sulfates to are oxygen-deficient, bacteria convert sulfates to hydrogen sulfide gas, which is released into the hydrogen sulfide gas, which is released into the atmosphere. Or the bacteria convert sulfates to metallic atmosphere. Or the bacteria convert sulfates to metallic sulfides, which are deposited as rock. In the absence of sulfides, which are deposited as rock. In the absence of oxygen, other bacteria perform an ancient type of oxygen, other bacteria perform an ancient type of photosynthesis that uses hydrogen sulfide instead of photosynthesis that uses hydrogen sulfide instead of water. Where oxygen is present, different bacteria water. Where oxygen is present, different bacteria oxidize sulfur compounds to sulfates.oxidize sulfur compounds to sulfates.

Bacteria that reside in the root nodules of legume plants Bacteria that reside in the root nodules of legume plants have the ability to convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia. have the ability to convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia. These nitrogen-fixing bacteria, including cyanobacteria These nitrogen-fixing bacteria, including cyanobacteria and and Rhizobium,Rhizobium, employ the enzyme nitrogenase to split employ the enzyme nitrogenase to split diatomic atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and combine the diatomic atmospheric nitrogen (N2) and combine the resulting single nitrogen atoms with hydrogen. resulting single nitrogen atoms with hydrogen. Nitrogenase functions only in the absence of oxygen.Nitrogenase functions only in the absence of oxygen.

DO NOW: DO NOW:

List and briefly explain List and briefly explain three ways in which three ways in which human activities are human activities are

impacting the impacting the biogeochemical cycles biogeochemical cycles

Some Human Effects on Some Human Effects on Biochemical CyclesBiochemical Cycles

The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas release CO2 into The burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas release CO2 into the atmosphere at a rate greater than the carbon cycle can handle. This the atmosphere at a rate greater than the carbon cycle can handle. This increase of carbon dioxide may contribute to global warming which could increase of carbon dioxide may contribute to global warming which could result in a rise in sea level, changes in precipitation patterns, death of result in a rise in sea level, changes in precipitation patterns, death of forests, extinction of organisms and problems for agriculture. forests, extinction of organisms and problems for agriculture.

In addition, humans more than doubled the amount of fixed nitrogen In addition, humans more than doubled the amount of fixed nitrogen entering the global nitrogen cycle in the 20th century through the use of entering the global nitrogen cycle in the 20th century through the use of chemical fertilizers. chemical fertilizers.

Precipitation washes nitrogen fertilizer into rivers, lakes and coastal waters Precipitation washes nitrogen fertilizer into rivers, lakes and coastal waters stimulating the growth of algae. These algae die and their decomposition stimulating the growth of algae. These algae die and their decomposition by bacteria robs the water of dissolved oxygen contributing to fish kills. by bacteria robs the water of dissolved oxygen contributing to fish kills. The nitrates from fertilizer can also leach through the soil and contaminate The nitrates from fertilizer can also leach through the soil and contaminate groundwater used by many for drinking water. groundwater used by many for drinking water.

Humans affect the phosphorus cycle by accelerating the long-term loss of Humans affect the phosphorus cycle by accelerating the long-term loss of phosphorus from the land. For example, corn grown in Iowa (which phosphorus from the land. For example, corn grown in Iowa (which contains phosphate absorbed from the soil), fattens cattle in Illinois (some contains phosphate absorbed from the soil), fattens cattle in Illinois (some phosphate ends up in feedlot wastes), which are eaten by humans in Texas phosphate ends up in feedlot wastes), which are eaten by humans in Texas (more phosphate in human wastes ending up in sewer systems). Sewage (more phosphate in human wastes ending up in sewer systems). Sewage treatment rarely removes phosphorus and thus phosphorus washes into the treatment rarely removes phosphorus and thus phosphorus washes into the ocean where it remains for millions of years. ocean where it remains for millions of years.

•Most of the energy produced by the sun Most of the energy produced by the sun never reaches the Earth.never reaches the Earth.

•330% reflected into outerspace.0% reflected into outerspace.

•47% is absorbed by the atmoshpere.47% is absorbed by the atmoshpere.

•23% runs the hydrologic cycle.23% runs the hydrologic cycle.

•Less than 1% drives the wind and the ocean currents.Less than 1% drives the wind and the ocean currents.

•0.02% is captured for photosynthesis.0.02% is captured for photosynthesis.

•Energy then is lost as infrared radiation (reradiation).Energy then is lost as infrared radiation (reradiation).

II. Solar Radiation II. Solar Radiation

The SunThe SunAlbedo: The reflective property of the Earth’s surface.

Caption and image courtesy of the Snowball Earth Web site: Ice albedo is a critical variable in snowball earth climate models: snow-covered ice has a high albedo (~0.9), bubble-free (mature) marine ice has relatively low albedo (~0.4) and bubble-rich glacial ice (compacted snow) has intermediate albedo (~0.65).

•Glaciers and ice sheets reflect 80 to 90%Glaciers and ice sheets reflect 80 to 90% of the sunlight that hits their surfaces.of the sunlight that hits their surfaces.•Asphalt and buildings have low Albedos Asphalt and buildings have low Albedos and reflect 10 –15%.and reflect 10 –15%.•Oceans and Oceans and forestsforests reflect only about 5%. reflect only about 5%.

IIa. Temperature changes IIa. Temperature changes with latitudewith latitude

*Due to intensity *Due to intensity

IIb. Temperature changes with seasons (23.5 degrees)

Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere Troposhere: Troposhere:

extends up to a height extends up to a height of approximately 10km of approximately 10km (6.2mi).(6.2mi).

For every in the For every in the temperature-6˚Ctemperature-6˚C

Weather occurs hereWeather occurs here Stratosphere:Stratosphere: Mesosphere:Mesosphere: ThermosphereThermosphere Exosphere:Exosphere:

III. The AtmosphereIII. The Atmosphere Layers of the AtmosphereLayers of the Atmosphere Atmospheric CirculationAtmospheric Circulation

Surface windsSurface winds Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect Prevailing windsPrevailing winds

Polar easterlies: Polar easterlies: North pole blow Northeast, South pole southwestNorth pole blow Northeast, South pole southwest Westerlies and trade winsWesterlies and trade wins

Patterns of Circulation in the oceanPatterns of Circulation in the ocean Gyres and CurrentsGyres and Currents

Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water (density)Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water (density) Ocean Interactions width the AtmosphereOcean Interactions width the Atmosphere

EEL NIL NIÑÑO, LA NIO, LA NIÑAÑA

Atmospheric Atmospheric CirculationCirculationWinds: complex horizontal movements of the atmosphere.

Atmospheric Atmospheric CirculationCirculation

Atmospheric & Oceanic CirculationAtmospheric & Oceanic Circulation

Coriolis EffectCoriolis Effect: Earth’s : Earth’s rotation from West to rotation from West to East causes East causes air/currents to swerve air/currents to swerve to the rightto the right of the of the direction in which its direction in which its traveling traveling in the in the northern hemispherenorthern hemisphere and to and to the left in the the left in the southern hemisphere.southern hemisphere.

Human change of Earth’s rotation?

Patterns of Circulation in Patterns of Circulation in the oceanthe ocean

Caused largely by Caused largely by winds and partly winds and partly the coriolis effect.the coriolis effect.

Main ocean Main ocean currents flow:currents flow: Northern Northern

Hemisphere- Hemisphere- clockwiseclockwise

Southern Southern Hemisphere – Hemisphere – counter clock wisecounter clock wise

Surface Ocean Currents

•Prevailing winds generate gyres (circular Prevailing winds generate gyres (circular ocean patterns)ocean patterns)

Landmasses affect ocean Landmasses affect ocean circulation.circulation.

Which is most unimpeded?Which is most unimpeded?

Northern HemisphereSouthern Hemisphere

Vertical Mixing of Ocean Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water.Water.

•Ocean Conveyor BeltOcean Conveyor Belt•(Cold is denser then hot)(Cold is denser then hot)•Coriolis effect more pronounced at greater depthsCoriolis effect more pronounced at greater depths•What happened 11000-12,000 years ago?What happened 11000-12,000 years ago?

•Heat transfer issue???Heat transfer issue???

•Unintentional link between global warming and ocean Unintentional link between global warming and ocean conveyor belt conveyor belt

Vertical Mixing of Ocean Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water.Water.

•Ocean Conveyor BeltOcean Conveyor Belt

Do Now: Do Now: What is an ENSO event and what What is an ENSO event and what

causes it to occur? (provide more causes it to occur? (provide more then a decrease in trade winds) Please then a decrease in trade winds) Please include in your discussion:include in your discussion: Define ENSO? Define ENSO?

What is oscillating? What is oscillating? What effects does an ENSO event have on What effects does an ENSO event have on

marine life?marine life? How does an ENSO even manage to have How does an ENSO even manage to have

such far-reaching impact?such far-reaching impact?

Do Now Answer: Do Now Answer: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a periodic, large-scale El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a periodic, large-scale

warming of surface waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean. This warming of surface waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean. This warming temporarily alters both ocean and atmospheric circulation warming temporarily alters both ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns. patterns.

Normally, westward-blowing trade winds confine the warmest Normally, westward-blowing trade winds confine the warmest waters to the western Pacific (near Australia). Every 3-7 years, waters to the western Pacific (near Australia). Every 3-7 years, however, these trade winds weaken allowing the warm mass of however, these trade winds weaken allowing the warm mass of water to expand eastward to South America. water to expand eastward to South America.

The increasing surface temperatures in the East Pacific cause The increasing surface temperatures in the East Pacific cause ocean currents, which normally flow westward in this area, to slow ocean currents, which normally flow westward in this area, to slow down, stop altogether, or even reverse and go eastward. The down, stop altogether, or even reverse and go eastward. The warmer surface ocean temperatures prevent upwelling of the warmer surface ocean temperatures prevent upwelling of the nutrient-rich deep water. nutrient-rich deep water.

The lack of nutrients in the water results in a severe decrease in The lack of nutrients in the water results in a severe decrease in the populations of marine fish.the populations of marine fish.

ENSO has such a far-reaching impact because it alters global air ENSO has such a far-reaching impact because it alters global air currents, directing unusual weather to areas far from the tropical currents, directing unusual weather to areas far from the tropical Pacific. ENSO have been responsible for torrential rains, droughts, Pacific. ENSO have been responsible for torrential rains, droughts, wildfires, heavy snows, deaths and property damage.wildfires, heavy snows, deaths and property damage.

EEL NIL NIÑÑO (ENSO)O (ENSO) EEL L NNIÑO IÑO SSouthern outhern OOscillation scillation

event is a periodic warming of event is a periodic warming of surface waters of the tropical surface waters of the tropical East Pacific that alters both East Pacific that alters both ocean & atmospheric circulation.ocean & atmospheric circulation. Upwelling?Upwelling?

LA NIÑA: surface water in the eastern Pacific becomes unusually cool.

EEL NIL NIÑÑOO

Climate associated with Climate associated with ENSOENSO

Coastal upwelling Coastal upwelling weakensweakens during during ENSO events.ENSO events.

Do Now:Do Now:How does ENSO How does ENSO affect local fisheries?affect local fisheries?

Animation Of An Idealized El Niño/La Niña Animation Of An Idealized El Niño/La Niña Cycle in the Pacific showing anomalies of sea-Cycle in the Pacific showing anomalies of sea-surface height (the grid in the animation) and surface height (the grid in the animation) and anomalies of sea-surface temperature (the color anomalies of sea-surface temperature (the color of the grid). The weakening of trades in the of the grid). The weakening of trades in the western equatorial Pacific causes warm water western equatorial Pacific causes warm water in the upper layer of the equatorial region to in the upper layer of the equatorial region to move eastward, leading to higher sea level and move eastward, leading to higher sea level and warmer water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. warmer water in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The wave of higher sea level (called a Kelvin The wave of higher sea level (called a Kelvin wave) reflects off South America, and returns to wave) reflects off South America, and returns to the west at latitudes north and south of the the west at latitudes north and south of the equator. equator.

Normally: Colder deep water is 40m (130ft) Normally: Colder deep water is 40m (130ft) below surface causes upwelling in response to below surface causes upwelling in response to trade winds. trade winds.

ENSO: 152m (500ft) below surfaceENSO: 152m (500ft) below surface The warmer surface temperatures and weak The warmer surface temperatures and weak

trade winds produce nutrient POOR waters trade winds produce nutrient POOR waters devastating anchovies and other marine devastating anchovies and other marine fisheries. fisheries.

Who now's who might be looking for food?????Who now's who might be looking for food?????

Do Now answers:Do Now answers:

ENSO flooding?ENSO flooding?

Climate: average weather Climate: average weather conditionsconditions

DO NOW:DO NOW:

Explain what is a rain shadow and Explain what is a rain shadow and how does it affect the local climate? how does it affect the local climate?

DO NOW:DO NOW:ANSWERANSWER

The dry land on the side of a mountain, away The dry land on the side of a mountain, away from the prevailing wind, is a rain shadow. Rain from the prevailing wind, is a rain shadow. Rain shadows are formed because mountains force air shadows are formed because mountains force air to rise and remove moisture from humid air. The to rise and remove moisture from humid air. The air cools as it rises, clouds form, and precipitation air cools as it rises, clouds form, and precipitation occurs. occurs.

As the air mass moves down the other side of the As the air mass moves down the other side of the mountain, it is warmed, thereby lessening the mountain, it is warmed, thereby lessening the chance of precipitation of any remaining chance of precipitation of any remaining moisture. Deserts, characterized by lesser moisture. Deserts, characterized by lesser precipitation, tend form in this rain shadow of precipitation, tend form in this rain shadow of mountains. mountains.

Westcoast of America Rainshadow

Westcoast of America Rainshadow

Earth’s CoreEarth’s Core

Divergent: Movement Divergent: Movement apartapart

The Richter ScaleThe Richter Scale

                                                                                                                          

Hotspot

Transform/Transform/Plate Plate

boundaryboundaryMt.

Pinatubo

Convergent/subductionConvergent/subduction

Transform Plate BoundaryTransform Plate Boundary horizontally in opposite but // horizontally in opposite but // directions.directions.

Transform Transform Plate Plate BoundaryBoundary horizontally horizontally in opposite in opposite but // but // directions.directions.

Ex: San Ex: San Andreas Andreas faultfault