chapter 5: harnessing the secrets of the nucleus nuclear energy, nuclear medicine, and a nuclear...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus
Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear Calendar
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis Images
![Page 2: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Enrico Fermi built the first atomic pile and produced the first controlled chain reaction on December 2, 1942.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy University of Chicago/AIP Neils Bohr Library
![Page 3: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A depiction of the dawn of nuclear power as the first chain reaction begins beneath Stagg Field, Chicago.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
“Birth of the Atomic Age by Gary Sheahan/Chicago Historical Society.
![Page 4: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Figure 5.1: Schematic diagram of a nuclear power plant.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
![Page 5: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cooling towers of a nuclear power plant.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy David Bartruff/Corbis Images
![Page 6: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, after the accident of April 16, 1986.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Sipa Press
![Page 7: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Disposal of radioactive wastes by burial in a shallow pit.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Matthew Neal McVay/Stone/Getty Images
![Page 8: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 5.2: Graphical representation of the disappearance of a radioisotope.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
![Page 9: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Half-life is the time for the radiation level to decrease (decay) to one-half of the original value.
Half-Life
decay curve
![Page 10: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Half-Lives of Some Radioisotopes
![Page 11: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
After one half-life, 40 mg of a radioisotope will decay to 20 mg. After two half-lives, 10 mg of radioisotope remain.
40 mg x 1 x 1 = 10 mg 2 2
1 half-life 2 half-lives
Initial40 mg
20 mg10 mg
Half-Life Calculations
![Page 12: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 26 hours?
1) 32 mg
2) 16 mg
3) 8 mg
Learning Check
![Page 13: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2) 16 mg
Half life = 13 hrs
Number of half lives = 2
Amount remaining = 64 mg x 1 x 1 = 16 mg 2 2
13 hrs 13 hrs
64 mg 32 mg 16 mg
Solution
![Page 14: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Medical Applications
Radioisotopes with short half-lives• Are used in nuclear medicine.• Have the same chemistry in the body as the
nonradioactive atoms.• In the body give off radiation that exposes a
photographic plate (scan), which gives an image of an organ.
![Page 15: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
23.6
Radioisotopes in Medicine• 1 out of every 3 hospital patients will undergo a nuclear
medicine procedure
• 24Na, t½ = 14.8 hr, emitter, blood-flow tracer
• 131I, t½ = 14.8 hr, emitter, thyroid gland activity
• 123I, t½ = 13.3 hr, ray emitter, brain imaging
• 18F, t½ = 1.8 hr, emitter, positron emission tomography
• 99mTc, t½ = 6 hr, ray emitter, imaging agent
Brain images with 123I-labeled compound
![Page 16: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
An image of a thyroid gland obtained through the use of radioactive iodine.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Custom Medical Stock Photo
![Page 17: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Images of human lungs obtained from a γ-ray scan.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy CNRI/Phototake
![Page 18: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Some Radioisotopes Used in Nuclear Medicine
![Page 19: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Learning Check
Which of the following radioisotopes are most likely to be used in nuclear medicine?
1) 40K half-life 1.3 x 109 years
2) 42K half-life 12 hours
3) 131I half-life 8 days
![Page 20: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Solution
Which of the following radioisotopes are most likely to be used in nuclear medicine?
Radioisotopes with short half-lives are used in nuclear medicine.
2) 42K half-life 12 hours
3) 131I half-life 8 days
![Page 21: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Construction of a tunnel that will be used for burial of radioactive wastes deep within Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Yucca Mountain Project
![Page 22: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A cancer patient receiving radiation therapy.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Kelley Culpepper/Transparencies, Inc.
Youtube.com
![Page 23: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 5.4: Positron emission by fluorine-18.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
![Page 24: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The image on the Shroud of Turin.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Patrick Mesner/Liaison Agency, Inc. /Getty Images
![Page 25: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A medical worker wearing a film badge.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy Yoav Levy/Phototake
![Page 26: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 5.6: The Geiger counter.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
![Page 27: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
11.8 Detecting Radiation
• A Geiger counter detects radioactive radiations.
• Ions produced by radiation create an electrical current.
![Page 28: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Geiger counter
![Page 29: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29Chapter 22 Slide 29
• A Geiger counter determines the amount of ionization by detecting an electric current.
• A thin window is penetrated by the radiation and causes the ionization of Ar gas.
• The ionized gas carried a charge and so current is produced.
• The current pulse generated when the radiation enters is amplified and counted.
![Page 30: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30Chapter 22 Slide 30
Biological Effects of Radiation• The penetrating power of radiation is a function of
its mass: -rays > -particles >> -particles.
• When ionizing radiation passes through tissue it removes an electron from water to form H2O+ ions.
• The H2O+ ions react with another water molecule to produce H3O+ and a highly reactive •OH radical.
• Free radicals generally undergo chain reactions, producing many radicals in the biomolecules.
![Page 31: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Radiation Measurement
• The Curie measures the number of atoms that decay in one second. Curie: 1 Ci = 3.7 x 10Curie: 1 Ci = 3.7 x 101010 disintegrationsdisintegrations
• The rad (radiation absorbed dose) measures the radiation absorbed by the tissues of the body.
• The rem (Roentgen equivalent for man (rem) ) measures the biological damage.
![Page 32: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Girl being scanned with a Geiger counter after a nuclear accident.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy AP/Wide World Photos
![Page 33: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Receiving radiation from a dental X-ray.
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Courtesy PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images
![Page 34: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Background Radiation
• A person is exposed to radiation from naturally occurring radioisotopes and medical X rays.
![Page 35: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Effects of RadiationEffects of Radiation
![Page 36: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
(a) What percentage of the world’s nuclear power plants are located in the United States? (b) Rank the countries of Table 5.1 in terms of the percentage of electric power produced from nuclear plants. Where in this ranking does the United States stand?
QUESTION
![Page 37: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
What is the most serious form of damage that could occur if a natural disaster such as a hurricane, a tornado, or an earthquake struck a nuclear power plant? Explain.
QUESTION
![Page 38: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Describe one advantage of a breeder reactor over a conventional nuclear reactor. Describe one disadvantage.
QUESTION
![Page 39: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
What is the ultimate fate of every radioactive atom now in existence?
QUESTION
![Page 40: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
If each of the radioisotopes of Table 5.3 were stored at the Yucca Mountain site, which would still be present after 10,000 years at a level of 10% or more of the original amount?
QUESTION
![Page 41: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
(a) What is one cost of electric power production by nuclear power that is not a factor in the use of coal, petroleum, or natural gas? (b) What is one cost of electric power production by these fuels that is not a factor in the use of nuclear power?
QUESTION
![Page 42: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Name and describe two types of biological damage caused by ionizing radiation.
QUESTION
![Page 43: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
How is each of the following used in medical diagnosis and/or therapy? (a) I-131; (b) Tc-99m; (c) Co-60.
QUESTION
![Page 44: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Into what element is an atom of nitrogen-13 transformed when it emits a positron?
QUESTION
![Page 45: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
What would the ratio of Pb-206 to U-238 atoms be if the sample of meteorite in the exercise were 18.0 x 109 years old?
QUESTION
![Page 46: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Which of the following can be dated by radiocarbon techniques: (a) a rock; (b) a leather slipper; (c) a wooden boat; (d) a mummified body; (e) a silver spoon. Describe your reasoning.
QUESTION
![Page 47: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Which one or more of the detection devices described in this Section would you use if you wished to determine immediately whether the residue left by a spilled chemical is radioactive? Which would you use if you wanted to determine the total, cumulative amount of radiation you might be exposed to in the course of an entire month?
QUESTION
![Page 48: Chapter 5: Harnessing the Secrets of the Nucleus Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Medicine, and a Nuclear CalendarNuclear Medicine © 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062321/56649e1b5503460f94b08d2e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Assign the data of each of the sources of Table 5.6 into one of two categories: (a) originates in human activities; (b) natural, not dependent on human activities. What total percentage of exposure is associated with each of the two categories?
QUESTION