Chapter 5: Motivation

Introduction

Fierce competition across industries and a wide basket of choices and offerings from companies makes motivating employees vital to any business

Focus on a variety of key motivating plans ranging from monetary incentives to rewards and recognition

Frederick Herzberg: KITA

• Negative Physical KITA• Negative Psychological KITA• Positive KITA

Either positive nor negative KITA instills motivation – it only results in short-term movement

Frederick Herzberg: Two-factor Theory

Hygiene factors (extrinsic to the job):- Company policy and administration- Supervision- Interpersonal relationships- Salary- Status- Security

Motivator factors (intrinsic to the job):- Achievement- Recognition for achievement- The work- Responsibility- Growth or advancement

The Job Characteristics ModelFive core job characteristics:1. Skill variety2. Task identity3. Task significance4. Autonomy5. Feedback

Followed by three critical psychological states:6. Experienced meaningfulness7. Experienced responsibility8. Knowledge of results

Results in:- Increased work satisfaction- Performance- Reduced absence- Employee turnover

The Job Characteristics Model

In general, leaders must initiate and develop their social capital by focusing on three aspects:• The structural dimension: the overall patterns of relationships in

the organization• The relational dimension: the nature of connections between

individuals in the organization• The cognitive dimension: the extent to which employees within a

social network share a common perspective or understanding

High social capital directs high internal motivation leading to high performance and making employees more successful in achieving goals

McGregor’s Theory X & YTheory X:• Management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and that

they inherently dislike work. • Management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive

systems of controls developed• A hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level• Employees will show little ambition without an enticing incentive program and will avoid

responsibility whenever they can

Theory Y:• Management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-

control. • Managers believe that employees will learn to seek out and accept responsibility and to

exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives to which they are committed.

• Given the right conditions, most people will want to do well at work. • The satisfaction of doing a good job is a strong motivation.

McGregor’s Theory X & YTheory Y is a process of:• Creating opportunities• Releasing potential• Removing obstacles• Encouraging growth• Providing guidance• “Management by objectives” and not “Management by control”

The application of Theory Y can be slow, and progress in typically done in small steps including: • Decentralization and Delegation• Job Enlargement • Participation and Consultative Management• Performance Appraisal

Exercise and Practice Routines

1. Form groups of 4- 6 people2. Each person writes down three things that

motivates them in their job and three things that would motivate them even more

3. Present your answers to each other4. Agree on one factor that would motivate you

all even more5. Class discussion on the groups’ motivation

factors

Bibliography and Reference Materials

Garg, P. & Renu, R. (2006). New model of job design: motivating employees' performance. Journal of Management Development. Vol. 25 (6), pp. 572-587.

Hertzberg, Frederick. (1968). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harvard Business Review. Vol 46, pp. 53-62. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review. Vol. 50 (4), pp. 370-396.

McGregor, Douglas M. (1957). The Human Side of Enterprise. Management Review. November 1957, pp. 41-49.