chapter 5 periodic table...11 periodic table reference table: s, periodic table • 1. dmitri...
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Periodic Table Reference Table: S, Periodic Table
1. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev arranged the elements in the periodic table by using the atomic mass.
2. Henry Moseley arranged the elements in the
periodic table by using the atomic number. 3. Periodic law: there is a periodic pattern in
chemical and physical properties of the elements in the periodic table. This is called Periodicity.
4. Periods: rows in the periodic table. Elements
in the same period fill up the SAME energy levels.
5. Groups: columns in the periodic table.
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, and similar chemical properties.
6. Elements are classified in 3 categories.
a. Metals: left of staircase b. Nonmetals: right of staircase c. Metalloids: touching the staircase:
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te except: aluminum (Al).
7. Properties of metals and nonmetals
PROPERTIES METALS
NONMETALS
Luster Yes No Malleable Yes No
Ductile Yes No Brittle No Yes
Conduct electricity Yes No
Conduct heat Yes No Electrons Lose Gain Ionization
energy Low High
Electronegativity Low High
Phase of matter Solid & liquid
Solid, liquid, & gas
Ions Positive Negative
8. Group 1 or Alkali Metals:
• form +1 ions, very active • found in nature as a compound: NaCl • Francium (Fr) is the most active element • forms strongest bases:
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O (l) à 2 NaOH(aq) + H2 (g) 9. Group 2 or Alkaline Earth Metals:
• form +2 ions • very active • found in nature as a compound.
10. Transition Elements (groups 3-12):
• have multiple oxidation states • appear colored, both in solid compounds
and in solution.
Example: CuSO4 (aq) CuSO4 (s)
11. Group 17 or Halogens: • form -1 ions; contains elements in three
phases of matter. F and Cl are gases, Br is a liquid and I is a solid.
• Found in nature as a compound. • The most active nonmetal is Fluorine (F).
12. Group 18 or Noble gases:
• generally non-reactive. Kr and Xe can form some bonds in the laboratory.
13. Monatomic gases (one atom): Group 18 14. Diatomic molecules (two atoms):
H2, O2 ,N2 ,Cl2 ,Br2,I2 ,F2
15. Electronegativity: attraction for electrons.
See table S.
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16. Ionization Energy: The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or ion. See table S.
17. All periodic table trends are influenced by
three factors: a. Energy level b. Shielding effect c. Nuclear Charge
a) Energy Level:
as you go down in a group the energy levels increases.
b) Shielding Effect: Core electrons block valence electrons from the nuclear charge of the nucleus.
c) Nuclear Charge: More charge pulls electrons in closer.
18. Trends in a Period: See table S and Periodic Table.
a) Atomic radii:
è Period: Decrease
Atomic radii decrease as you go across a period since there is an increase of nuclear charge (number of protons), which pulls the electrons in closer, thereby shrinking the size of the atom.
ê Group: Increase
Atomic radii increase as you go down in a group, since there is an increase in energy levels (shells).
b) Electronegativity:
è Period: Increases
The electrons increase across the period and therefore feel the “pull” more strongly.
ê Group: Decreases
The electrons are farther from the nucleus and therefore are more “shielded” by inner electrons from the pull of the nucleus.
c) Ionization Energy: Increases è Period:
The electrons increase across the period and therefore feel the “pull” more strongly.
ê Group: Decreases
The electrons are farther from the nucleus and therefore are more “shielded” by inner electrons from the pull of the nucleus.
2
6.941 +1 3 Li 2-1
3
22.98977 +1
11Na 2-8-1
4
39.0983 +1 19K 2-8-8-1
5
85.4678 +1
37Rb 2-8-18-8-1
6
132.905 +1 55Cs 2-8-18-18-8-1
7
(223) +1
87Fr -18-32-18-8-1
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19. Trends Table Trends Period Group Atomic radii decrease increase Electronegativity increases decreases Ionization Energy increases decreases Metallic Character decreases increases
19. Allotrope: • Some elements may exist in two or
more forms in the same phase. • Different physical and chemical
properties. • Different molecular form.
Example 1: carbon is found as a graphite, diamond, and buckminsterfullerene
Graphite
Diamond Buckminsterfullerene Example 2: ozone and oxygen Ozone: Oxygen:
shape; bent shape: linear
Physical Properties
Graphite Diamond
Hardness (Mohs Scale)
1-2 10
Color Black Colorless Electrical Conductivity
Good Poor
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ELECTRONEGATIVITY
1 18
1
H 2.2
He -‐-‐
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 2
Li 1.0
Be 1.6
B 2.0
C 2.6
N 1.9
O 3.4
F 4.0
Ne -‐-‐
2 Li 1.0
Be 1.6
B 2.0
C 2.6
N 3.0
O 3.4
F 4.0
Ne -‐-‐
3 Na 0.9
Mg 1.3
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Al 1.6
Si 1.6
P 2.2
S 2.6
Cl 3.2
Ar -‐-‐
4
K 0.8
Ca 1.0
Sc 1.0
Ti 1.5
V 1.6
Cr 1.7
Mn 1.6
Fe 1.8
Co 1.9
Ni 1.9
Cu 1.9
Zn 1.7
Ga 1.8
Ge 2.0
As 2.2
Se 2.6
Br 3.0
Kr -‐-‐
5
Rb 0.8
Sr 1.0
Y 1.2
Zr 1.3
Nb 1.6
Mo 2.2
Tc 2.1
Ru 2.2
Rh 2.3
Pd 2.2
Ag 1.9
Cd 1.7
In 1.8
Sn 2.2
Sb 2.1
Te 2.1
I 2.7
Xe -‐-‐
6
Cs 0.8
Ba 0.9
La 1.1
Hf 1.3
Ta 1.5
W 1.7
Re 1.9
Os 2.2
Ir 2.2
Pt 1.9
Au 1.8
Hg 1.9
Tl 1.8
Pb 1.8
Bi 1.9
Po 2.0
At 2.2
Rn -‐-‐
7
Fr 0.7
Ra 0.9
Ac 1.1
Rf Db
Sg
Bb Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Uut
Uuq
Uup
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
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Ionization Energy
1 18
1
H 1312
He 2372
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 2
Li 1.0
Be 1.6
B 2.0
C 2.6
N 1.9
O 3.4
F 4.0
Ne -‐-‐
2 Li 520.
Be 900.
B 801
C 1086
N 1402
O 1314
F 1681
Ne 2081
3 Na
520 Mg 738
Al 578
Si 787
P 1012
S 1000.
Cl 1251
Ar 1521
4
K 419
Ca 590
Ga 579
Ge 762
As 944
Se 941
Br 1140.
Kr 1351
5
Rb 403
Sr 549
In 558
Sn 709
Sb 831
Te 869
I 1008
Xe 1170.
6
Cs 376
Ba 503
Tl 589
Pb 716
Bi 703
Po 812
At 2.2
Rn 1037
7
Fr 393
Ra 509
Uut
Uuq
Uup
Uuh
Uus
Uuo
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Group 1: Alkali
Group 3-12: Transition Elements
Group 17: Halogens
Group 18: Noble Gases
Semimetals
‘
1 18 1 H
He
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 Li Be B C N O F
Ne
3 Na
Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl
Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Xe
6 Cs Ba La
Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac f Db Sg Bb Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
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Metals Nonmetals Noble Gases Semimetals
1 18
1 H
He
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 2 Li Be B C N O F
Ne
3 Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl
Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
Xe
6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bb Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo