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Chapter 5 Practice Test

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. In addition to economic motives, many Americans supported overseas expansion because they believed that

a. American military might should be unrivaled in the world.b. European imperialism threatened to harm less-developed nations in Asia and Africa.c. the nation was destined to expand overseas and spread its civilization to others.d. the United States had much to learn from less-developed nations.

2. Although the United States bought raw materials from Latin America in the 1800s, Latin Americaa. bought most of its manufactured goods from Europe.b. exported manufactured goods to the United States.c. relied on the United States for additional raw materials.d. sold raw materials to Europe at a much lower price.

3. At the Pan-American conference, Secretary of State James G. Blaine wanted to create a customs union with low tariffs, in the hope that it would

a. drive profits higher for American and European manufacturers.b. increase the price of American products in Latin America.c. lower the price of raw materials from Latin America.d. turn the Latin Americans away from European products.

4. Formed as a result of the Pan-American conference of 1889, the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics is known today as the

a. North American Free Trade Agreement.b. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.c. Pan-American Union.d. Organization of American States.

5. According to the time line, Filipinos continued to resist occupation untila. April 1902.b. December 1898.c. February 1899.d. March 1901.

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6. On the time line above, which of the following sentences could be added to the entry for “February 1899”?

a. Filipino resistance against Spain ends.b. The Philippines gain independence from Spain.c. The United States agrees to pay $20 million for the Philippines.d. The United States annexes the Philippines.

7. The graph above supports which of the following statements about U.S. exports around the beginning of the twentieth century?

a. Asia was a growing market for American goods.b. China purchased the least amount of U.S. exports.c. Europe became less important as a market for U.S. goods.d. Vast Chinese markets excited American business leaders.

8. President Roosevelt believed that having a canal through Central America would save time and money for commercial and military shipping and

a. was necessary for maintaining influence in Asia.b. was vital to U.S. power in the world.c. would benefit the people of Central America.d. would establish a new market for U.S. goods.

9. On July 3, 1898, American warships in Santiago Harbora. caused the Spanish to panic and flee.b. destroyed every vessel in the Spanish fleet.


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c. fought the Spanish fleet to a standstill.d. secured the surrender of the Spanish forces.

10. Some people who opposed the annexation of the Philippines believed that imperialisma. brought American ideals to people who were not ready for them.b. contradicted fundamental principles of the United States.c. provided a large market for American goods.d. reaffirmed the United States as a world power.

11. Based on the map above, by 1900 the United States had become a major power in the Caribbean and in

a. Africa.b. China.c. the Pacific.d. South America.

12. In the late 1800s, many European nations were looking overseas for places to sell their goods becausea. Asia and Africa were producing goods that Europeans wanted.b. tariffs had reduced trade among industrialized nations.c. they could sell their goods at higher prices in Asia and Africa.d. they were producing more than other industrialized nations could buy.

13. When an imperial power allowed a territory to remain technically independent, with local rulers remaining in control, the territory was called

a. a colony.b. a protectorate.c. a state.


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d. an unincorporated territory.

14. As the United States industrialized, many Americans concluded that the nation needed new overseas markets to

a. compete with Latin American nations.b. keep its economy strong.c. protect its overseas investments.d. provide inexpensive labor.

15. The Treaty of Kanagawa gave the United States trading rights at two ports ina. China.b. Hawaii.c. Japan.d. the Philippines.

16. In 1899 the United States established American Samoa as aa. client state.b. colony.c. protectorate

.d. territory.

17. At the first Pan-American conference, the United States wanted Latin American delegates to agree to a customs union, which would

a. establish an organization for mutual defense.b. make Latin American nations protectorates of the United States.c. require the United States and Latin American nations to reduce their tariffs.d. set up a cultural exchange so nations could learn about each other’s histories.

18. Until 1886, about one-third of the population of Cuba wasa. enslaved.b. from England.c. from the United States.d. part of the Spanish military.

19. In 1894 the United States caused an economic crisis in Cuba bya. blockading the island.b. passing a tariff on sugar.c. preventing trade with Spain.d. withdrawing American

investments.

20. Cuban rebels rose up against the Spanish in 1895, when Cuba wasa. an American protectorate.b. in financial distress.


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c. granted autonomy by Spain.d. a U.S. trading partner.

21. Spanish General Valeriano Weyler herded hundreds of thousands of rural Cubans into “reconcentration camps” in order to

a. damage American investments in Cuba.b. encourage American intervention in

Cuba.c. exterminate Cuban rebel forces.d. prevent them from aiding Cuban rebels.

22. In 1898 U.S. President William McKinley faced strong pressure to go to war against Spain, including public anger over the explosion of the USS Maine and

a. calls for assistance from Cuban rebels.b. jingoism within the Republican Party.c. panic among Americans in Cuba.d. war fever within the U.S. military.

23. On May 1, 1898, Commodore George Dewey led his squadron into Manila Bay ina. Cuba.b. Hawaii.c. the Philippines.d. Spain.

24. Which of the following statements best describes the effectiveness of the Spanish military during the Spanish-American War?

a. The Spanish fleet was effective, but Spanish soldiers were ill-prepared.b. The Spanish military was ill-prepared and ineffective.c. The Spanish military was prepared for battle and very effective.d. Spanish soldiers were highly effective, but the Spanish fleet was not prepared.

25. Under the Treaty of Paris, the United States acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, anda. Cuba.b. Guam.c. Panama.d. Samoa.

26. After the Spanish-American War, Congress gradually allowed Puerto Ricans greater self-government, and in 1917 it

a. allowed Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor.b. granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship.c. granted statehood to Puerto Rico.d. recognized Puerto Rico as an independent nation.

27. The United States gained control over the Philippines as a result of


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a. dollar diplomacy.b. the Open Door policy.c. the Pan-American conference.d. the Spanish-American War.

“When next I realized that the Philippines had dropped into our laps . . . I sought counsel from all sides—Democrats as well as Republicans . . . and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed to Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night.”

—U.S. President William McKinley

28. In the excerpt, when McKinley says that the Philippines “dropped into our laps,” he is describing the

a. annexation of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War.b. defeat of the Spanish fleet by Commodore George Dewey.c. defeat of Filipino guerillas by U.S. military forces.d. establishment of an American naval base in Manila Bay.

29. The United States became an imperial power as a result ofa. the Boxer Rebellion.b. the Open Door policy.c. the Pan-American conference.d. the Spanish-American War.

30. Today, the Philippines are ana. American

commonwealth.b. American protectorate.c. independent country.d. unincorporated territory.

31. In the late 1890s, Russia, Germany, France, and Britain demanded “leaseholds” in China that would give each country

a. an advantage over the United States.b. a market for Chinese goods.c. a protectorate in Asia.d. a sphere of influence in China.

32. To ensure that all nations would have access to China’s markets, President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay pursued which of the following policies?

a. dollar diplomacyb. imperialismc. Open Door policyd. the Roosevelt Corollary

33. In 1899 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked countries with leaseholds in ChinaPowered by Cognero Page 6

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a. not to use their influence to close Chinese markets to other nations.b. not to discriminate against other nations doing business in their sphere of influence.c. to demand compensation for damages incurred during the Boxer Rebellion.d. to establish a system for defending their interests from rebellions in China.

34. In 1900 a group in China killed more than 200 foreigners in what came to be known as thea. Beijing Rebellion.b. Boxer Rebellion.c. China Rebellion.d. Secret Rebellion.

35. To prevent any nation from controlling trade in China, President Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate a resolution to a war between

a. China and Japan.b. Japan and England.c. Japan and Russia.d. China and Russia.

36. President Roosevelt used the West African saying “Speak softly and carry a big stick” to express his belief that

a. attacks on U.S. interests must be met with a strong military response.b. displaying U.S. power to the world would deter nations from fighting.c. imperialism violates fundamental American principles.d. the United States has an obligation to promote development in other nations.

37. During construction of the Panama Canal, progress was slowed as a result ofa. President Roosevelt’s “big stick”

policy.b. diseases that sickened workers.c. objections in Congress to the canal.d. Panama’s revolt against Colombia.

38. The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to

a. extend American influence in Central and South America.b. maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere.c. protect American business interests and investments in Latin America.d. shape the less-civilized nations in the Western Hemisphere.

39. The foreign policy of President Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft, differed from Roosevelt’s because

a. Roosevelt placed more emphasis on diplomacy and less on the use of military force.b. Roosevelt supported the Open Door policy in China and Taft did not.c. Taft placed less emphasis on military force and more on economic development.d. Taft supported intervening in Latin America to preserve stability and Roosevelt did not.


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40. Under the policy known as “dollar diplomacy,” President Taft supported Latin American industry in order to increase trade and profits for U.S. business and

a. exert influence over the governments of Latin American countries.b. lift Latin America countries out of poverty and social disorder.c. prevent European countries from intervening in Latin America.d. protect U.S. investments in Latin America from local rebellions.

41. To give Europeans less reason to intervene in Latin American affairs, President Taft’s administration worked to

a. build up the militaries of Latin American allies.b. deploy U.S. battleships to Latin America.c. negotiate treaties with major European powers.d. replace European loans with loans from U.S. banks.

42. When he took office, President Woodrow Wilson opposed imperialism and wanted the United States toa. compete aggressively with European powers for global

influence.b. engage in free trade with nations in Central and Latin America.c. promote democracy to create a world free of revolution and war.d. retreat from any involvement in the affairs of foreign nations.

43. President Wilson decided to intervene in Mexico in 1914 in the hope ofa. forcing out German forces.b. increasing U.S. influence there.c. overthrowing General Huerta.d. promoting democracy there.

44. President Wilson followed Roosevelt’s example in the Caribbean, sending troops to intervene in Haiti and in

a. Cuba.b. the Dominican

Republic.c. Guatemala.d. Panama.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If it is false, change the identified word(s) to make the statement true.

DIRECTION LINE: In the blank, indicate whether the statement is true (T) or false (F). If false edit the statement to make it a true statement.

45. In the late 1800s, Congress was convinced to authorize the construction of a large U.S. navy.

46. As trade with Latin America grew during the second half of the nineteenth century, it needed ports for its ships to refuel and resupply as they crossed the Pacific.


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47. Sugar planters, supported by U.S. marines, overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893, and the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898.

48. Latin American delegates to the Pan-American conference of 1889 in Washington, D.C., agreed to a customs union with the United States.

49. Conclusive evidence proved that the American battleship USS Maine was blown up by a Spanish mine in Havana Harbor.

50. At the outset of the Spanish-American War, Commodore George Dewey and his fleet were sent to the Philippines to prevent Spanish forces from sailing east and attacking the United States.

51. Theodore Roosevelt commanded an all-volunteer U.S. cavalry unit, known as the Rough Riders, that fought in the Spanish-American War.

52. With the Treaty of Paris and the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States had become an imperial power.

53. The United States required Cubans to add the Platt Amendment to their constitution, effectively making Cuba an American protectorate.

54. Today, Puerto Rico is an independent country and a major trading partner of the United States.

55. In 1894 war erupted between Japan and Korea, which at the time was a client state dependent on China.

56. A British company had secured the rights to build a canal across Panama before turning the job over to the United States.

57. Panama opposed Columbian rule in 1903, and the canal issue added to tensions with Columbia.

58. Although Woodrow Wilson’s experience and interest were in domestic policy, foreign affairs absorbed much of his time and energy as president.

59. By vaccinating workers against malaria and yellow fever, Surgeon General of the Army William Crawford Gorgas minimized disease and allowed them to progress across Panama.


60. Critics of the plan to annex the Philippines argued that the cost would outweigh the economic benefits, that imperialism violated American principles, and that

a. Filipinos were likely to rebel against American control.b. competition from Filipino labor would drive down American wages.c. Filipinos would not be capable of living under American

democracy.d. opening new markets would actually harm American businesses.

Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.

61. Actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation are called _________________________.


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62. In a _________________________, the imperial power defends the local rulers from rebellions and invasion in return for influence and control over the government.

63. When American warships entered Edo Bay, the _________________________ realized they were not powerful enough to resist modern weapons and signed a trade agreement with the United States.

64. In 1878 the United States negotiated permission to open a base on Pago Pago, in the ____________________ Islands, which had one of the finest harbors in the South Pacific.

65. In the nineteenth century, American settlers in ____________________ quickly discovered that the climate and soil of the islands were suitable for growing sugar cane.

66. In 1898 Cuba and Puerto Rico were two of Spain’s last remaining _________________________ in the Western Hemisphere.

67. ______________________________, or sensational reporting in which writers often exaggerated or even invented stories to attract readers, helped drive public support for the Spanish-American War.

68. Before the Spanish-American War began, Cuban rebels refused Spain’s offer to grant Cuba _________________________ if it remained part of the Spanish empire.

69. In 1898 Spanish resistance in Cuba ended with the surrender of Spanish forces in _________________________.

70. Congress established a civil government for _________________________, including an elected legislature and a governor and executive council that were appointed by the president.

71. At the end of the nineteenth century, the United States’ main interest in Asia was not conquest but _________________________.

72. A sphere of ____________________ was an area within a country in which a foreign nation controlled economic development.

73. The ____________________ were a secret society in China organized to rid the nation of foreign control.

74. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States _________________________ in China to end the Boxer Rebellion.

75. After General Victoriano Huerta seized power in ____________________, President Wilson announced a new policy: To win U.S. recognition, groups that seized power in Latin America had to establish a government based on law.

“Thus the Finns were supplanted by the Aryan races in Europe and Asia, the Tartars by the Russians, and thus the aborigines of North America, Australia, and New Zealand are now disappearing before the all-conquering Anglo-Saxons.”

—Josiah Strong, Our Country (1885)

76. Explain how the excerpt above is related to the pro-expansion theory of Anglo-Saxonism.Powered by Cognero Page 10

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77. Identify the leading causes of death for U.S. soldiers during the Spanish-American War, according to the graphic. What can be inferred about the soldiers’ living conditions?

78. What does the map above suggest about arguments in favor of and opposed to the annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?

79. Briefly explain how President William Howard Taft’s foreign policy differed from that of his predecessor, President Theodore Roosevelt.


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“We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty. . . . We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. . . .“We propose to contribute to the defeat of any person or party that stands for the forcible subjugation of any people. . . . We hold with Abraham Lincoln, that ‘no man is good enough to govern another man without that other’s consent.’”

—platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League

80. Explain the argument against imperialism presented in the excerpt above. What events during this period might be used to support this argument?

“And one night late it came to me this way . . . (1) that we could not give them back to Spain—that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany . . . that would be bad for business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves—they were unfit for self-government . . . and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them.”

—from The Life of William McKinley

81. Summarize President McKinley’s justification of the annexation of the Philippines, as expressed in the excerpt above.


82. In 1852 President Millard Fillmore sent a naval expedition to Japan toa. convince Japan to become an American protectorate.b. force Japan to trade with the United States.c. bring Western civilization to Japan.d. conquer the islands around Japan.

83. In the 1880s, economic and military competition from other nations and a growing feeling of cultural superiority convinced many Americans that

a. European-style imperialism violated American principles.b. the United States should be more isolated.c. European influence in the Americas should be reduced.d. the United States should be a world power.

84. At the first Pan-American Conference in 1889, the United States hoped to strengthen trade and diplomacy with Latin American nations in part to

a. provide the American navy with new bases.b. increase tariffs on manufactured products from Europe.c. keep European powers from meddling in the Americas.d. protect American manufacturers from competition.

85. In the United States, public support for Cuban rebels was fueled in large part by which of the following?a. the desire to protect American sugar interests on the island


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b. popular interest in starting an American empirec. sensational stories published by rival newspapersd. the fear of having a Spanish colony so close to the United States

86. During the Spanish-American War, American victory in the San Juan Heights led the Spanish toa. surrender colonies in Guam and the Philippines.b. protect Santiago Harbor with shore-based guns.c. evacuate the Spanish fleet from Cuba.d. launch a military campaign against Cuban rebels.

87. The Treaty of Paris of 1898, which formally ended the Spanish-American War, granted independence to which of the following?

a. Guamb. Cubac. Puerto Ricod. the

Philippines

88. Supporters of annexing the Philippines after the Spanish-American War believed thata. the islands would provide the United States with a naval base.b. the Philippines would become a military rival otherwise.c. the islands had no potential as a market for American goods.d. Filipino culture was similar to that of the United States.

89. What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy in China?a. to end the Boxer Rebellionb. to win leaseholds in Chinac. to establish a sphere of influenced. to ensure trading rights with China

90. When Panamanian forces revolted against Colombia, the United States quicklya. sent ten warships to put down the rebellion and reestablish Colombian control.b. recognized Panama’s independence and signed a treaty to build the Panama

Canal.c. withdrew American workers who had begun construction on the Panama Canal.d. decided to build a canal in Nicaragua because Panama was dangerously unstable.

91. U.S. foreign relations were damaged by President Woodrow Wilson’s intervention ina. Honduras.b. Mexico.c. Haiti.d. Nicaragua

.


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92. Explain the major economic, cultural, and military factors that built American support for imperialist policies in the 1880s.

“Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States . . . culminating, as they have, in the destruction of a United States battleship, with two hundred and sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and can not longer be endured . . . . Therefore,Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent.Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. . . .”

—from Congress’s Joint Resolution for the Recognition ofthe Independence of the People of Cuba, April 1898

93. What does the congressional resolution excerpted above suggest about why the United States went to war with Spain in 1898?

“The rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. . . . Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, humane, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them?”

—U.S. Senator Albert J. Beveridge, from The Meaning of the Times“It is not necessary to own people in order to trade with them. We carry on trade today with every part of the world, and our commerce has expanded more rapidly than the commerce of any European empire. . . . A harbor and coaling station in the Philippines would answer every trade and military necessity and such a concession could have been secured at any time without difficulty.”

—William Jennings Bryan, from Speeches of William Jennings Bryan

94. Describe the major arguments in the debate over annexing the Philippines, as represented by the statements above.

95. Explain Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick” policy and give an example of how it was applied.

96. What factors contributed to President Wilson’s intervention in Mexico in 1916?

Match each item with the correct statement below.a. sphere of influenceb. Roosevelt Corollaryc. Pan-Americanismd. Anglo-Saxonisme. William Crawford Gorgasf. yellow journalismg. Platt Amendment


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h. Foraker Acti. protectoratej. dollar diplomacy

97. belief that if U.S. business leaders supported Latin American development, everyone would benefit

98. ensured that Cuba would remain tied to the United States

99. the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary

100. controlled mosquito populations to minimize disease during construction of the Panama Canal

101. area where a foreign nation controlled economic development

102. established a civil government for Puerto Rico

103. the U.S. had a duty to shape “less civilized” parts of the world

104. idea that the U.S. and Latin America should work together

105. local rulers had to accept advice from an imperial power

106. sensational reporting in which writers often exaggerated or even invented stories

a. jingoism b. Open door policyc. spheres of

influenced. protectorate

e. Imperialism f. yellow journalism

g. autonomy h. dollar diplomacy

107. a country is technically independent but is actually under the control of another country

108. extreme nationalism marked by aggressive foreign policy

109. type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers

110. a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade feely in the other nations' spheres of influence

111. a policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad

112. the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation

113. section of a country where a foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers

114. the quality of or state of being self-governed

Match each item with the correct statement below.a. Pan-Americanism


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b. Alfred T. Mahanc. imperialismd. Matthew C. Perrye. Anglo-Saxonism

115. wrote a best-selling book that helped build public support for a strong navy

116. the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations

117. the idea that Latin America and the United States should work together

118. the idea that English-speaking nations were superior to other nations

119. took a naval expedition to Japan in order to negotiate a trade treaty


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Answer Key

1. c

2. a

3. d

4. d

5. a

6. d

7. b

8. b

9. b

10. b

11. c

12. b

13. b

14. b

15. c

16. c

17. c

18. a

19. b

20. b

21. d

22. b

23. c

24. b

25. b


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26. b

27. d

28. a

29. d

30. c

31. d

32. c

33. b

34. b

35. c

36. b

37. b

38. b

39. c

40. b

41. c

42. c

43. c

44. b

45. True

46. False - As trade with ASIA grew during the second half of the nineteenth century, it needed ports for its ships to refuel and resupply as they crossed the Pacific.

47. True

48. False - Latin American delegates rejected the idea of a customs union.

49. False - TO THIS DAY, IT HAS NOT BEEN PROVEN that the American battleship USS Maine was blown up by a Spanish mine in Havana Harbor.

50. True


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51. False - Theodore Roosevelt WAS SECOND IN COMMAND OF an all-volunteer U.S. cavalry unit, known as the Rough Riders, that fought in the Spanish-American War.

52. True

53. True

54. False - Today, Puerto Rico is A SELF-GOVERNING COMMONWEALTH OF THE UNITED STATES and a major trading partner of the United States.

55. False - In 1894 war erupted between Japan AND CHINA OVER KOREA, which at the time was a client state dependent on China.

56. False - A FRENCH company had secured the rights to build a canal before turning the job over to the United States.

57. True

58. True

59. False - By MAINTAINING A ZONE AROUND THE CANAL IN WHICH MOSQUITIOES COULD NOT EXIST, Surgeon General of the Army William Crawford Gorgas minimized disease and allowed them to progress across Panama.

60. b

61. imperialism

62. protectorate

63. Japanese

64. Samoan

65. Hawaii

66. colonies

67. Yellow journalism

68. autonomy

69. Santiago

70. Puerto Rico

71. commerce

72. influence

73. Boxers


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74. intervened

75. Mexico

76. According to the idea of Anglo-Saxonism, modern European democracies were bound to spread their civilization and culture to the less fortunate and “uncivilized.” In the excerpt, Strong argues that history has shown this to be a theme, in which the “civilized” replace and rule over more “primitive” cultures.

77. The leading causes of death for U.S. soldiers were food poisoning and disease. From this it can be inferred that living conditions were quite bad. Unsanitary conditions caused epidemics that took more lives than were lost in battle.

78. The Philippines would be extremely useful to the United States as a Pacific naval base and as a stopover on the way to China. However, the distance of the Philippines from the United States would make maintaining control over the islands expensive and difficult.

79. Roosevelt’s “big stick” policy focused on displaying U.S. power to maintain peace and stability. Taft’s foreign policy, which came to be called “dollar diplomacy,” placed less emphasis on military force and more on economic development. Taft used economic support to expand U.S. influence in Latin America.

80. People who opposed imperialism believed that to become an imperial power, the United States would be required to forcefully subjugate another people. They believed that all people were entitled to the rights Americans enjoyed, and that no one should govern another without the consent that, in the United States, comes through a democratic election. They also believed that using force of arms or superior knowledge and technology to rule another country violated the principles on which the United States was founded. The suppression of a rebellion in the Philippines by U.S. forces might be used to support this argument.

81. McKinley is opposed to allowing European powers to gain an advantage in the Philippines, because to do so would be bad for American economic interests. He also feels that the Filipinos are an inferior people who are not ready for or capable of independence. Although he does not say so explicitly, McKinley seems to share the ideas of Anglo-Saxonism, especially that it is the duty of the United States to help “less civilized” people around the world. Ultimately, he argues that the United States is annexing the Philippines out of a sense of moral obligation, rather than imperial ambition.

82. b

83. d

84. c

85. c

86. c

87. b

88. a

89. d

90. b

91. bPowered by Cognero Page 20

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92. Economic and military competition from other nations, as well as a growing feeling of cultural superiority, led the shift in American opinion toward imperialism. Several European nations were expanding their power overseas, forming colonies and protectorates to protect their new markets and investments in other nations. In the United States, the Western frontier was filling up, and many Americans concluded that the nation had to develop new overseas markets to keep its economy strong. Influential author Alfred T. Mahan argued that the United States needed to build a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade with other countries. To support the navy, the United States had to acquire territory for overseas bases. At the same time, many Americans began to believe in Anglo-Saxonism—the idea that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government, and were destined to dominate the planet.

93. The United States went to war with Spain for several reasons. Cuba had rebelled against Spain, and Americans both sympathized with Cuban rebels and wished to protect U.S. investments in Cuba. Support for the rebels was fueled by sensationalized stories of Spanish atrocities in leading American newspapers. Finally, the mysterious explosion of the U.S. battleship Maine was widely blamed on Spain. The resolution emphasizes “abhorrent conditions” that “have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States” and the Maine, suggesting that yellow journalism and reaction to the ship’s destruction were major forces leading the drive to war. The resolution also declares that it is “the duty of the United States” to demand Spain leave Cuba but does not mention growing U.S. power and influence in Latin America.

94. Many supporters of annexation based their arguments on the economic and military benefits of taking the Philippines. They would provide the United States with a Pacific naval base and a large market for American goods. Other arguments were based on the idea that the United States had a duty to help “less civilized” people by governing them. For example, Senator Beveridge argued that Filipinos were not capable of governing themselves. Many opponents of annexation felt such arguments contradicted American principles. In addition, they argued that the economic and military costs of annexation would far outweigh the benefits. Bryan argues that the United States could have a friendly port and trade with the Philippines without the burden of governing a foreign people.

95. Theodore Roosevelt believed in a strong global military presence. He insisted that displaying American power to the world would make nations think twice about fighting, thus promoting global peace. He often expressed this belief with a West African saying, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” The voyage of the Great White Fleet was one application of this policy, showcasing the nation’s mighty fleet to the world. Another example was the use of the United States military to aid the revolt in Panama.

96. Although Wilson opposed imperialism, he recognized the influence the United States could have on foreign nations. After revolution overtook Mexico in 1911, Victoriano Huerta seized power and presumably had his predecessor, Francisco Madero, murdered. Wilson viewed Huerta as a brutal dictator. When the Mexican government refused to apologize for arresting American sailors who had entered a restricted area, Wilson sent troops into Mexico. Anti-American riots ensued, and Pancho Villa, a guerrilla, burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico.

97. j

98. g

99. b

100. e

101. a

102. hPowered by Cognero Page 21

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103. d

104. c

105. i

106. f

107. d

108. a

109. f

110. b

111. h

112. e

113. c

114. g

115. b

116. c

117. a

118. e

119. d
