chapter 5 states of consciousness. consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environment
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
States of Consciousness
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States of Consciousness
Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our
environment
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States of Consciousness
Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and
our environmentSelective Attention
the narrowing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
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Meanings of Consciousness
Consciousness as Sensory AwarenessConsciousness of the senses around you
NAME SOME?
Consciousness as Direct Inner Awareness Thinking about feelings, and abstract concepts
NAME SOME?
Consciousness as Sense of SelfAwareness of ourselves and our surroundings
NAMES SOME?
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Consciousness & Sleep
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Sleep
Circadian rhythm
the biological clock cyclical bodily rhythms
Examples: wakefulness, body temperature, etc.
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Sleep
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Wavesslow brain waves of a relaxed,
awake stateDelta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
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Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
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Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
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Sleep DeprivationEffects of Sleep Loss
fatigueimpaired concentrationimmune suppressionirritabilityslowed performance
accidentsplanesautos and trucks
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Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
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Sleep Deprivation
Are You Sleep Deprived?1. Need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time.2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times to get more sleep.4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week.5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering.6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative.7. I often fall asleep watching TV.8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or lectures or in warm rooms.9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals or after a low dose of alcohol. 10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.11. I often fall asleep within five minutes of getting into bed.12. I often feel drowsy while driving.13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.14. I often need a nap to get through the day.15. I have dark circles around my eyes.
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Sleep Disorders
Insomniarecurring problems in falling or
staying asleepNarcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
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Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apneatemporary cessation of breathing during
sleep and then reawakeningNight Terrors
appearance of being terrifiedusually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of
falling asleep
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Sleep and Dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
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Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep
vivid dreams commonly occur
also known as paradoxical sleep
muscles relaxed; brain active!
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Rapid Eye Movements
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
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Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
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REM Rebound
When deprived of REM sleep, we make it up!
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Why We Dream: Two Hypotheses
1. Wish Fulfillment2. Activation Synthesis
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Why We Dream: Two Hypotheses
The Interpretation of Dreams (Sigmund Freud, 1900)
Hypothesis 1: dreams are “wish fulfillment” allows discharge of unacceptable feelings!
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Dreams-Freud
Manifest Contentremembered story line of a dream
Latent Contentunderlying, censored meaning of
a dream
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Dreams Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
Two partsrandom nerve cell firingscortical interpretation of random firings
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Hypnosis
A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will occur.
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Hypnosis
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Can hypnosis enhance the recall of forgotten events?
Does personality have anything to do with hypnosis?
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Hypnosis
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?Can hypnosis alleviate pain?
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Hypnosis
Unhypnotized persons can
also do this
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Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesiasupposed inability to recall
what one experienced during hypnosis
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Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the
subject is no longer hypnotizedused by some clinicians to control
undesired symptoms and behaviorscan be effective for headaches, asthma,
etc!
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HypnosisDivided Consciousness or Social
Phenomenon?
Social Influencetheory:
the subject is so caughtup in the hypnotized role that she ignores
the odor
Attention is divertedfrom an aversive odor.
How?
Divided-consciousnesstheory:
hypnosis has caused asplit in awareness
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychological Dependencea psychological need for a drugfor example, to relieve negative emotions
Physical Dependence a physiological need for a drug marked by (1) withdrawal symptoms (2) tolerance
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Drug Tolerance
Withdrawalphysical discomfort
that follows discontinued use of an addictive drug
Tolerancediminishing effect
with regular use of the same dose of a drug
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is needed to produce same effect
Drug dose
Drug effect
Response tofirst exposure
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Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood
1. Depressants 2. Stimulants 3. Hallucinogens
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Psychoactive Drugs
Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity and
slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity
and speed up body functionscaffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
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Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogensmind-altering
drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images (e.g., marijuana, LSD)
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Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants
Barbituratesdrugs that depress the
activity of the central nervous system
reduce anxiety but impair memory and judgement
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Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants
Opiatesopium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)depress neural activity,
temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural
activity, causing accelerated body functions
increase energy and positive mood
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Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants
The physiological effects of nicotine
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Psychoactive DrugsDrug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from tars) of well-being
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke
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Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
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Perceived Marijuana Risk and Actual Use
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentof
twelfthgraders
Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use
Used marijuana
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