chapter 5: the data link layer - bilkent...

5 DataLink Layer 5-1

Chapter 5 The Data Link LayerOur goals

understand principles behind data link layer services

error detection correctionsharing a broadcast channel multiple accesslink layer addressingreliable data transfer flow control done

instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies


Link Layer IntroductionSome terminology

hosts and routers are nodescommunication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links

wired linkswireless linksLANs

layer-2 packet is a frameencapsulates datagram

ldquolinkrdquo

data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to adjacent node over a link


Link layer contextDatagram transferred by different link protocols over different links

eg Ethernet on first link frame relay on intermediate links 80211 on last link

Each link protocol provides different services

eg may or may not provide rdt over link

transportation analogytrip from Princeton to Lausanne

limo Princeton to JFKplane JFK to Genevatrain Geneva to Lausanne

tourist = datagramtransport segment = communication linktransportation mode = link layer protocoltravel agent = routing algorithm


Link Layer ServicesFraming link access

encapsulate datagram into frame adding header trailerchannel access if shared mediumldquoMACrdquo addresses used in frame headers to identify source dest

bull different from IP addressReliable delivery between adjacent nodes

we learned how to do this already (chapter 3)seldom used on low bit error link (fiber some twisted pair)wireless links high error rates

bull Q why both link-level and end-end reliability


Link Layer Services (more)

Flow Controlpacing between adjacent sending and receiving nodes

Error Detectionerrors caused by signal attenuation noise receiver detects presence of errors

bull signals sender for retransmission or drops frame

Error Correctionreceiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without resorting to retransmission

Half-duplex and full-duplexwith half duplex nodes at both ends of link can transmit but not at same time


Adapters Communicating

link layer implemented in ldquoadapterrdquo (aka NIC)

Ethernet card PCMCIA card 80211 card

sending sideencapsulates datagram in a frameadds error checking bits rdt flow control etc

receiving sidelooks for errors rdt flow control etcextracts datagram passes to rcving node

adapter is semi-autonomousimplements link amp physical layers

sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol


Error DetectionEDC= Error Detection and Correction bits (redundancy)D = Data protected by error checking may include header fields

bull Error detection not 100 reliablebull protocol may miss some errors but rarelybull larger EDC field yields better detection and correction


Parity CheckingSingle Bit ParityDetect single bit errors

Two Dimensional Bit ParityDetect and correct single bit errors

0 0

1


Internet checksum

Sendertreat segment contents as sequence of 16-bit integerschecksum addition (1rsquos complement sum) of segment contentssender puts checksum value into the checksum field

Receivercompute checksum of received segmentcheck if computed checksum equals checksum field value

NO - error detectedYES - no error detected But maybe errors nonethelessMore later hellip

Goal detect ldquoerrorsrdquo (eg flipped bits) in transmitted segment (note used at transport layer only)


Checksumming Cyclic Redundancy Checkview data bits D as a binary numberchoose r+1 bit pattern (generator) Ggoal choose r CRC bits R such that

ltDRgt exactly divisible by G (modulo 2) receiver knows G divides ltDRgt by G If non-zero remainder error detectedcan detect all burst errors less than r+1 bits

widely used in practice (Ethernet 80211 ATM HDLC)


CRC ExampleWant

D2r XOR R = nGequivalently

D2r = nG XOR R equivalently

if we divide D2r by G want remainder R

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G


Multiple Access Links and ProtocolsTwo types of ldquolinksrdquo

point-to-pointPPP for dial-up accesspoint-to-point link between Ethernet switch and host

broadcast (shared wire or medium)traditional Ethernetupstream HFC (hybrid fiber-coax used in cable TV)80211 wireless LAN

80211)


Multiple Access protocolssingle shared broadcast channel two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes interference

collision if node receives two or more signals at the same timemultiple access protocol

distributed algorithm that determines how nodes share channel ie determine when node can transmitcommunication about channel sharing must use channel itself

no out-of-band channel for coordination


Ideal Mulitple Access Protocol

Broadcast channel of rate R bps1 When one node wants to transmit it can send at

rate R2 When M nodes want to transmit each can send at

average rate RM3 Fully decentralized

no special node to coordinate transmissionsno synchronization of clocks slots

4 Simple


MAC Protocols a taxonomyThree broad classes

Channel Partitioningdivide channel into smaller ldquopiecesrdquo (time slots frequency code)allocate piece to node for exclusive use

Random Accesschannel not divided allow collisionsldquorecoverrdquo from collisions

ldquoTaking turnsrdquoNodes take turns but nodes with more to send can take longer turns


Channel Partitioning MAC protocols TDMA

TDMA time division multiple accessaccess to channel in rounds each station gets fixed length slot (length = pkt trans time) in each round unused slots go idle example 6-station LAN 134 have pkts slots 256 idle


Channel Partitioning MAC protocols FDMA

FDMA frequency division multiple accesschannel spectrum divided into frequency bandseach station assigned fixed frequency bandunused transmission time in frequency bands go idle example 6-station LAN 134 have pkts frequency bands 256 idle

freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time


Random Access Protocols

When node has packet to sendtransmit at full channel data rate Rno a priori coordination among nodes

two or more transmitting nodes rarr ldquocollisionrdquorandom access MAC protocol specifies

how to detect collisionshow to recover from collisions (eg via delayed retransmissions)

Examples of random access MAC protocolsslotted ALOHAALOHACSMA CSMACD CSMACA


Slotted ALOHA

Assumptionsall frames same sizetime is divided into equal size slots time to transmit 1 framenodes start to transmit frames only at beginning of slotsnodes are synchronizedif 2 or more nodes transmit in slot all nodes detect collision

Operationwhen node obtains fresh frame it transmits in next slotif no collision node can send new frame in next slotif collision node retransmits frame in each subsequent slot with prob p until success


Slotted ALOHA

Prossingle active node can continuously transmit at full rate of channelhighly decentralized only slots in nodes need to be in syncsimple

Conscollisions wasting slotsidle slotsnodes may be able to detect collision in less than time to transmit packetclock synchronization


Slotted Aloha efficiency

Suppose N nodes with many frames to send each transmits in slot with probability pprob that node 1 has success in a slot= p(1-p)N-1

prob that any node has a success = Np(1-p)N-1

For max efficiency with N nodes find p that maximizes Np(1-p)N-1

For many nodes take limit of Np(1-p)N-1

as N goes to infinity gives 1e = 37

Efficiency is the long-run fraction of successful slots when there are many nodes each with many frames to send

At best channelused for useful transmissions 37of time


Pure (unslotted) ALOHAunslotted Aloha simpler no synchronizationwhen frame first arrives

transmit immediately collision probability increases

frame sent at t0 collides with other frames sent in [t0-1t0+1]


Pure Aloha efficiencyP(success by given node) = P(node transmits)

P(no other node transmits in [t0-1t0] P(no other node transmits in [t0t0+1]

= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)

hellip choosing optimum p and then letting n rarr infin

= 1(2e) = 18 Even worse


CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

CSMA listen before transmitIf channel sensed idle transmit entire frame

If channel sensed busy defer transmission

Human analogy donrsquot interrupt others


CSMA collisionscollisions can still occurpropagation delay means two nodes may not heareach otherrsquos transmission

collisionentire packet transmission time wastednoterole of distance amp propagation delay in determining collision probability

spatial layout of nodes


CSMACD (Collision Detection)CSMACD carrier sensing deferral as in CSMA

collisions detected within short timecolliding transmissions aborted reducing channel wastage

collision detectioneasy in wired LANs measure signal strengths compare transmitted received signalsdifficult in wireless LANs receiver shut off while transmitting

human analogy the polite conversationalist


CSMACD collision detection


ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocols

channel partitioning MAC protocolsshare channel efficiently and fairly at high loadinefficient at low load delay in channel access 1N bandwidth allocated even if only 1 active node

Random access MAC protocolsefficient at low load single node can fully utilize channelhigh load collision overhead

ldquotaking turnsrdquo protocolslook for best of both worlds


ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocolsPolling

master node ldquoinvitesrdquo slave nodes to transmit in turnconcerns

polling overhead latencysingle point of failure (master)

Token passingcontrol token passed from one node to next sequentiallytoken messageconcerns

token overhead latencysingle point of failure (token)


Summary of MAC protocols

What do you do with a shared mediaChannel Partitioning by time frequency or code

bull Time Division Frequency DivisionRandom partitioning (dynamic)

bull ALOHA S-ALOHA CSMA CSMACDbull carrier sensing easy in some technologies (wire) hard

in others (wireless)bull CSMACD used in Ethernetbull CSMACA used in 80211

Taking Turnsbull polling from a central site token passing


MAC Addresses and ARP

32-bit IP address network-layer addressused to get datagram to destination IP subnet

MAC (or LAN or ldquophysicalrdquo or Ethernet) address

used to get datagram from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network)48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in the adapter ROM


LAN Addresses and ARPEach adapter on LAN has unique LAN address

Broadcast address =FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN(wired orwireless)


LAN Address (more)

MAC address allocation administered by IEEEmanufacturer buys portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness)Analogy

(a) MAC address like Social Security Number(b) IP address like postal address

MAC flat address allows easier portability can move LAN card from one LAN to another

IP hierarchical address NOT portabledepends on IP subnet to which node is attached


ARP Address Resolution Protocol

Each IP node (Host Router) on LAN has ARP tableARP Table IPMAC address mappings for some LAN nodes

lt IP address MAC address TTLgtTTL (Time To Live) time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min)

Question how to determineMAC address of Bknowing Brsquos IP address

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788


ARP protocol Same LAN (network)

A wants to send datagram to B and Brsquos MAC address not in Arsquos ARP tableA broadcasts ARP query packet containing Bs IP address

Dest MAC address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FFall machines on LAN receive ARP query

B receives ARP packet replies to A with its (Bs) MAC address

frame sent to Arsquos MAC address (unicast)

A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out)

soft state information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed

ARP is ldquoplug-and-playrdquonodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator


Routing to another LANwalkthrough send datagram from A to B via R

assume A knowrsquos Brsquos IP address

Two ARP tables in router R one for each IP network (LAN)

A

RB


A creates datagram with source A destination B A uses ARP to get Rrsquos MAC address for 111111111110A creates link-layer frame with Rs MAC address as dest frame contains A-to-B IP datagramArsquos adapter sends frame Rrsquos adapter receives frame R removes IP datagram from Ethernet frame sees itrsquos destined to BR uses ARP to get Brsquos MAC address R creates frame containing A-to-B IP datagram sends to B

A

RB


Ethernetldquodominantrdquo wired LAN technology

cheap $20 for 100Mbsfirst widely used LAN technologySimpler cheaper than token LANs and ATMKept up with speed race 10 Mbps ndash 10 Gbps

Metcalfersquos Ethernetsketch


Star topologyBus topology popular through mid 90sNow star topology prevailsConnection choices hub or switch (more later)

hub orswitch


Ethernet Frame StructureSending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other

network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame

Preamble7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern 10101011used to synchronize receiver sender clock rates


Ethernet Frame Structure (more)

Addresses 6 bytesif adapter receives frame with matching destination address or with broadcast address (eg ARP packet) it passes data in frame to net-layer protocolotherwise adapter discards frame

Type 2 bytes indicates the higher (network) layer protocol (commonly IP but may also be ARP Novell IPX and AppleTalk etc)CRC 4 bytes checked at receiver if error is detected the frame is simply dropped


Unreliable connectionless service

Connectionless No handshaking between sending and receiving adapter Unreliable receiving adapter doesnrsquot send acks or nacks to sending adapter

stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have gapsgaps will be filled if app is using TCPotherwise app will see the gaps


Ethernet uses CSMACD

No slotsadapter doesnrsquot transmit if it senses that some other adapter is transmitting that is carrier sensetransmitting adapter aborts when it senses that another adapter is transmitting that is collision detection

Before attempting a retransmission adapter waits a random time that is random access


Ethernet CSMACD algorithm1 Adapter receives

datagram from net layer amp creates frame

2 If adapter senses channel idle it starts to transmit frame If it senses channel busy waits until channel idle and then transmits

3 If adapter transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission the adapter is done with frame

4 If adapter detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends 48-bit jam signal

5 After aborting adapter enters exponential backoff after the mthcollision adapter chooses a K at random from 012hellip2m-1 Adapter waits K512 bit times and returns to Step 2


Frame Size limitations for EthernetMinimum Frame size (Fmin)For proper collision detection

Fmin = Min frame sizeR = Ethernetrsquos transmission rate

eg 10 Mbsdmax = max Ethernet segment

lengthS = Propagation speed (2x108

ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS

Maximum Frame Size (Fmax)For fairness among competing nodes

Fmin=64 Bytes Fmax=1500 Bytes

A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame

Arsquos frame in yellowBrsquos frame in green

For proper collision detection Arsquos frame should last at least until Brsquos frame reaches A


Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)Jam Signal make sure all

other transmitters are aware of collision 48 bits

Random retransmission delayK 512 bit transmission times where K is randomly selected bit time is 01 microsec for 10 Mbps and 001 microsec for 100 Mbps Ethernet

Exponential BackoffGoal adapt retransmission attempts to estimated current load

heavy load random wait will be longer

first collision choose K from 01 delay is K 512 bit transmission timesafter second collision choose K from 0123hellipafter ten collisions choose K from 01234hellip1023for max value of K=1023 wait time is about 50 msec for 10 Mbps 5 msec for 100 Mbps Ethernet

Seeinteract with Javaapplet on AWL Web sitehighly recommended


CSMACD efficiency

tprop = max prop between 2 nodes in LANttrans = time to transmit max-size frame

Efficiency goes to 1 as tprop goes to 0Goes to 1 as ttrans goes to infinityMuch better than ALOHA but still decentralized simple and cheap

1efficiency1 5 prop transt t

asymp+


10BaseT and 100BaseT10100 Mbps ratesT stands for Twisted PairBase stands for Baseband (unmodulated)Nodes connect to a hub ldquostar topologyrdquo 100 m max distance between nodes and hub

twisted pair

hub


HubsHubs are essentially physical-layer repeaters

bits coming from one link go out all other linksat the same rateno frame bufferingno CSMACD at hub adapters detect collisionsprovides net management functionality

twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet

uses standard Ethernet frame formatallows for point-to-point links and shared broadcast channelsin shared mode CSMACD is used short distances between nodes required for efficiencyFull-Duplex at 1 Gbps for point-to-point links10 Gbps now


Interconnecting with hubsBackbone hub interconnects LAN segmentsExtends max distance between nodesBut individual segment collision domains become one large collision domainCanrsquot interconnect 10BaseT amp 100BaseT

hub hub hub

hub


SwitchLink layer device

stores and forwards Ethernet framesexamines frame header and selectivelyforwards frame based on MAC dest addresswhen frame is to be forwarded on segment uses CSMACD to access segment

transparenthosts are unaware of presence of switches

plug-and-play self-learningswitches do not need to be configured


Forwarding

bull How do determine onto which LAN segment to forward framebull Looks like a routing problem

hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning

A switch has a switch tableentry in switch table

(MAC Address Interface Time Stamp)stale entries in table dropped (TTL can be 60 min)

switch learns which hosts can be reached through which interfaces

when frame received switch ldquolearnsrdquo location of sender incoming LAN segmentrecords senderlocation pair in switch table


FilteringForwardingWhen switch receives a frame

index switch table using MAC dest addressif entry found for destination

thenif dest on segment from which frame arrived

then drop the frameelse forward the frame on interface indicated

else flood

forward on all but the interface on which the frame arrived


Switch exampleSuppose C sends frame to D

Switch receives frame from from Cnotes in bridge table that C is on interface 1because D is not in table switch forwards frame into interfaces 2 and 3

frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I

address interfaceABEG

1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I

address interfaceABEGC

11231

12 3


Switch exampleSuppose D replies back with frame to C

Switch receives frame from from Dnotes in bridge table that D is on interface 2because C is in table switch forwards frame only to interface 1

frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I

address interfaceABEGCD

112312

12 3


Switch traffic isolationswitch installation breaks subnet into LAN segmentsswitch filters packets

same-LAN-segment frames not usually forwarded onto other LAN segmentssegments become separate collision domains

hub hub hub

switch

collision domain collision domain

collision domain


Switches dedicated accessSwitch with many interfacesHosts have direct connection to switchNo collisions full duplex

Switching A-to-Arsquo and B-to-Brsquosimultaneously no collisions

combinations of shareddedicated 101001000 Mbps interfaces possible

switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo


Institutional network

hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server


Switches vs Routersboth store-and-forward devices

routers network layer devices (examine network layer headers)switches are link layer devices

routers maintain routing tables implement routing algorithmsswitches maintain switch tables implement filtering learning algorithms


Summary comparison

hubs routers switches

traffic isolation

no yes yes

plug amp play yes no yes

optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation

What happens ifCS user moves office to EE but wants connect to CS switchsingle broadcast domain

all layer-2 broadcast traffic (ARP DHCP) crosses entire LAN (securityprivacy efficiency issues)

each lowest level switch has only few ports in use

Computer Science Electrical

EngineeringComputerEngineering

Whatrsquos wrong with this picture


VLANs Port-based VLAN switch ports grouped (by switch management software) so that single physical switch helliphellip

Switch(es) supporting VLAN capabilities can be configured to define multiple virtual LANS over single physical LAN infrastructure

Virtual Local Area Network

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip

Electrical Engineering(VLAN ports 1-8)

Computer Science(VLAN ports 9-15)

15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip


hellip operates as multiple virtual switches


Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip

traffic isolation frames tofrom ports 1-8 can only reach ports 1-8

can also define VLAN based on MAC addresses of endpoints rather than switch port

dynamic membershipports can be dynamically assigned among VLANs

router

forwarding between VLANSdone via routing (just as with separate switches)

in practice vendors sell combined switches plus routers


VLANS spanning multiple switches

trunk port carries frames between VLANS defined over multiple physical switches

frames forwarded within VLAN between switches canrsquot be vanilla 8021 frames (must carry VLAN ID info)8021q protocol addsremoves additional header fields for frames forwarded between trunk ports

1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73

Ports 235 belong to EE VLANPorts 4678 belong to CS VLAN

5

4 6 816

1


Type

2-byte Tag Protocol Identifier(value 81-00)

Tag Control Information (12 bit VLAN ID field 3 bit priority field like IP TOS)

Recomputed CRC

8021Q VLAN frame format

8021 frame

8021Q frame


Point to Point Data Link Controlone sender one receiver one link easier than broadcast link

no Media Access Controlno need for explicit MAC addressingeg dialup link ISDN line

popular point-to-point DLC protocolsPPP (point-to-point protocol)HDLC High level data link control (Data link used to be considered ldquohigh layerrdquo in protocol stack


PPP Design Requirements [RFC 1557]

packet framing encapsulation of network-layer datagram in data link frame

carry network layer data of any network layer protocol (not just IP) at same timeability to demultiplex upwards

bit transparency must carry any bit pattern in the data fielderror detection (no correction)connection liveness detect signal link failure to network layernetwork layer address negotiation endpoint can learnconfigure each otherrsquos network address


PPP non-requirements

no error correctionrecoveryno flow controlout of order delivery OK no need to support multipoint links (eg polling)

Error recovery flow control data re-ordering all relegated to higher layers


PPP Data Frame

Flag delimiter (framing)Address does nothing (only one option)Control does nothing in the future possible multiple control fieldsProtocol upper layer protocol to which frame delivered (eg PPP-LCP IP IPCP etc)


PPP Data Frame

info upper layer data being carriedcheck cyclic redundancy check for error detection


Byte Stuffingldquodata transparencyrdquo requirement data field must

be allowed to include flag pattern lt01111110gtQ is received lt01111110gt data or flag

Sender adds (ldquostuffsrdquo) extra lt 01111110gt byte after each lt 01111110gt data byteReceiver

two 01111110 bytes in a row discard first byte continue data receptionsingle 01111110 flag byte


Byte Stuffing

flag bytepatternin datato send

flag byte pattern plusstuffed byte in transmitted data


PPP Data Control ProtocolBefore exchanging network-

layer data data link peers mustconfigure PPP link (max frame length authentication)learnconfigure networklayer information

for IP carry IP Control Protocol (IPCP) msgs (protocol field 8021) to configurelearn IP address


ATM and MPLS

ATM MPLS separate networks in their own right

different service models addressing routing from Internet

viewed by Internet as logical link connecting IP routers

just like dialup link is really part of separate network (telephone network)

ATM MPLS of technical interest in their own right


Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM1990rsquos00 standard for high-speed (155Mbps to 622 Mbps and higher) Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network architectureGoal integrated end-end transport of carry voice video data

meeting timingQoS requirements of voice video (versus Internet best-effort model)ldquonext generationrdquo telephony technical roots in telephone worldpacket-switching (fixed length packets called ldquocellsrdquo) using virtual circuits


Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)

initial goal speed up IP forwarding by using fixed length label (instead of IP address) to do forwarding

borrowing ideas from Virtual Circuit (VC) approachbut IP datagram still keeps IP address

PPP or Ethernet header

IP header remainder of link-layer frameMPLS header

label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5


MPLS capable routers

aka label-switched routerforwards packets to outgoing interface based only on label value (donrsquot inspect IP address)

MPLS forwarding table distinct from IP forwarding tables

signaling protocol needed to set up forwardingRSVP-TEforwarding possible along paths that IP alone would not allow (eg source-specific routing) use MPLS for traffic engineering

must co-exist with IP-only routers


R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6

in out outlabel label dest interface

6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1

MPLS forwarding tables


Synthesis a day in the life of a web request

journey down protocol stack completeapplication transport network link

putting-it-all-together synthesisgoal identify review understand protocols (at all layers) involved in seemingly simple scenario requesting www pagescenario student attaches laptop to campus network requestsreceives wwwgooglecom


A day in the life scenario

Comcast network 68800013

Googlersquos network 64233160019 64233169105

web server

DNS server

school network 68802024

browser

web page


A day in the lifehellip connecting to the Internet

connecting laptop needs to get its own IP address addr of first-hop router addr of DNS server use DHCP

router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP

DHCP request encapsulatedin UDP encapsulated in IP encapsulated in 8021EthernetEthernet frame broadcast(dest FFFFFFFFFFFF) on LAN received at router running DHCP server

Ethernet demuxrsquoed to IP demuxrsquoed UDP demuxrsquoed to DHCP



DHCP server formulates DHCP ACK containing clientrsquos IP address IP address of first-hop router for client name amp IP address of DNS server

router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

encapsulation at DHCP server frame forwarded (switch learning) through LAN demultiplexing at client

Client now has IP address knows name amp addr of DNS server IP address of its first-hop router

DHCP client receives DHCP ACK reply


A day in the lifehellip ARP (before DNS before HTTP)before sending HTTP request need IP address of wwwgooglecomDNS

DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS query created encapsulated in UDP encapsulated in IP encasulated in Eth In order to send frame to router need MAC address of router interface ARP

ARP query broadcast received by router which replies with ARP reply giving MAC address of router interfaceclient now knows MAC address of first hop router so can now send frame containing DNS query

ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply


A day in the lifehellip using DNS

DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

IP datagram containing DNS query forwarded via LAN switch from client to 1st hop router

IP datagram forwarded from campus network into comcastnetwork routed (tables created by RIP OSPF IS-IS andor BGP routing protocols) to DNS serverdemuxrsquoed to DNS serverDNS server replies to client with IP address of wwwgooglecom


DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS


A day in the lifehellip TCP connection carrying HTTP

HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP

to send HTTP request client first opens TCP socket to web serverTCP SYN segment (step 1 in 3-way handshake) inter-domain routed to web server

TCP connection established64233169105web server

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

web server responds with TCP SYNACK (step 2 in 3-way handshake)


A day in the lifehellip HTTP requestreply

HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP

HTTP request sent into TCP socketIP datagram containing HTTP request routed to wwwgooglecom

IP datgram containing HTTP reply routed back to client

64233169105web server

HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

web server responds with HTTP reply (containing web page)

HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

web page finally ()displayed


Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks

Background wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds wired phone subscriberscomputer nets laptops palmtops PDAs Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet accesstwo important (but different) challenges

wireless communication over wireless linkmobility handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to network


Elements of a wireless network

network infrastructure

wireless hostslaptop PDA IP phonerun applicationsmay be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile

wireless does notalways mean mobility




base stationtypically connected to wired networkrelay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its ldquoareardquo

eg cell towers 80211 access points




wireless linktypically used to connect mobile(s) to base stationalso used as backbone link multiple access protocol coordinates link access various data rates transmission distance


Characteristics of selected wireless link standards

Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G

UMTSWCDMA CDMA2000 3G

80215

80211b

80211ag

UMTSWCDMA-HSPDA CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellularenhanced

80216 (WiMAX)

80211ag point-to-point

200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data




infrastructure modebase station connects mobiles into wired networkhandoff mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network


Elements of a wireless networkad hoc mode

no base stationsnodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coveragenodes organize themselves into a network route among themselves


Wireless network taxonomy

single hop multiple hops

infrastructure(eg APs)

noinfrastructure

host connects to base station (WiFiWiMAX cellular) which connects to

larger Internet

no base station noconnection to larger Internet (Bluetooth

ad hoc nets)

host may have torelay through several

wireless nodes to connect to larger

Internet mesh net

no base station noconnection to larger

Internet May have torelay to reach other a given wireless node

MANET VANET


Wireless Link Characteristics (1)Differences from wired link hellip

decreased signal strength radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss)interference from other sources standardized wireless network frequencies (eg 24 GHz) shared by other devices (eg phone) devices (motors) interfere as wellmultipath propagation radio signal reflects off objects arriving at destination at slightly different times

hellip make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more ldquodifficultrdquo


Wireless Link Characteristics (2)SNR signal-to-noise ratio

larger SNR ndash easier to extract signal from noise (a ldquogood thingrdquo)

SNR versus BER tradeoffsgiven physical layerincrease power -gt increase SNR-gtdecrease BERgiven SNR choose physical layer that meets BER requirement giving highest thruput

bull SNR may change with mobility dynamically adapt physical layer (modulation technique rate)

10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4


Wireless network characteristicsMultiple wireless senders and receivers create

additional problems (beyond multiple access)

AB

C

Hidden terminal problemB A hear each otherB C hear each otherA C can not hear each other

means A C unaware of their interference at B

A B C

Arsquos signalstrength

space

Crsquos signalstrength

Signal attenuationB A hear each otherB C hear each otherA C can not hear each other interfering at B


IEEE 80211 Wireless LAN80211b

24-5 GHz unlicensed spectrumup to 11 Mbpsdirect sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in physical layer

bull all hosts use same chipping code

80211a5-6 GHz rangeup to 54 Mbps

80211g24-5 GHz rangeup to 54 Mbps

80211n multiple antennae24-5 GHz rangeup to 200 Mbps

all use CSMACA for multiple accessall have base-station and ad-hoc network versions


80211 LAN architecture

wireless host communicates with base station

base station = access point (AP)

Basic Service Set (BSS)(aka ldquocellrdquo) in infrastructure mode contains

wireless hostsaccess point (AP) base stationad hoc mode hosts only

BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet

hub switchor routerAP

AP


80211 Channels association

80211b 24GHz-2485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at different frequencies

AP admin chooses frequency for APinterference possible channel can be same as that chosen by neighboring AP

host must associate with an APscans channels listening for beacon framescontaining APrsquos name (SSID) and MAC addressselects AP to associate withmay perform authentication [Chapter 8]will typically run DHCP to get IP address in APrsquos subnet


80211 passiveactive scanning

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4

Active Scanning (1) probe request frame broadcast

from H1(2) probe response frame sent from

APs(3) association request frame sent

H1 to selected AP (4) association response frame sent

H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1

Passive Scanning(1) beacon frames sent from APs(2) association request frame sent H1

to selected AP (3) association response frame sent

H1 to selected AP


IEEE 80211 multiple accessavoid collisions 2+ nodes transmitting at same time80211 CSMA - sense before transmitting

donrsquot collide with ongoing transmission by other node80211 no collision detection

difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading)canrsquot sense all collisions in any case hidden terminal fadinggoal avoid collisions CSMAC(ollision)A(voidance)

AB

CA B C


space



IEEE 80211 MAC Protocol CSMACA

80211 sender1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then

transmit entire frame (no CD)2 if sense channel busy then

start random backoff timetimer counts down while channel idletransmit when timer expiresif no ACK increase random backoff

interval repeat 280211 receiver- if frame received OK

return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden terminal problem)

sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK


Avoiding collisions (more)idea allow sender to ldquoreserverdquo channel rather than random

access of data frames avoid collisions of long data framessender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS using CSMA

RTSs may still collide with each other (but theyrsquore short)BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTSCTS heard by all nodes

sender transmits data frameother stations defer transmissions

avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets


Collision Avoidance RTS-CTS exchange

APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)

reservation collision

defer


framecontrol duration address

1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol

80211 frame addressing

Address 2 MAC addressof wireless host or AP transmitting this frame

Address 1 MAC addressof wireless host or AP to receive this frame

Address 3 MAC addressof router interface to which AP is attached

Address 4 used only in ad hoc mode


Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1

AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addraddress 1 address 2 address 3

80211 frame

R1 MAC addr H1 MAC addr dest address source address

8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol

Type FromAPSubtype To

APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower

mgtRetry RsvdProtocolversion

2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1

80211 frame moreduration of reserved transmission time (RTSCTS)

frame seq (for RDT)

frame type(RTS CTS ACK data)


hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1

80211 mobility within same subnet

routerH1 remains in same IP subnet IP address can remain sameswitch which AP is associated with H1

self-learning (Ch 5) switch will see frame from H1 and ldquorememberrdquo which switch port can be used to reach H1


80211 advanced capabilities

Rate Adaptationbase station mobile dynamically change transmission rate (physical layer modulation technique) as mobile moves SNR varies

QAM256 (8 Mbps)QAM16 (4 Mbps)BPSK (1 Mbps)

10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point

1 SNR decreases BER increase as node moves away from base station2 When BER becomes too high switch to lower transmission rate but with lower BER


80211 advanced capabilitiesPower Management

node-to-AP ldquoI am going to sleep until next beacon framerdquo

AP knows not to transmit frames to this nodenode wakes up before next beacon frame

beacon frame contains list of mobiles with AP-to-mobile frames waiting to be sent

node will stay awake if AP-to-mobile frames to be sent otherwise sleep again until next beacon frame


M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device

Parked device (inactive)P

80215 personal area network

less than 10 m diameterreplacement for cables (mouse keyboard headphones)ad hoc no infrastructuremasterslaves

slaves request permission to send (to master)master grants requests

80215 evolved from Bluetooth specification

24-25 GHz radio bandup to 721 kbps


80216 WiMAXlike 80211 amp cellular base station model

transmissions tofrom base station by hosts with omnidirectionalantennabase station-to-base station backhaul with point-to-point antenna

unlike 80211range ~ 6 miles (ldquocity rather than coffee shoprdquo)~14 Mbps

point-to-multipoint

point-to-point


80216 WiMAX downlink uplink scheduling

transmission framedown-link subframe base station to node uplink subframe node to base station

prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip

base station tells nodes who will get to receive (DL map) and who will get to send (UL map) and when

WiMAX standard provide mechanism for scheduling but not scheduling algorithm


Mobile Switching

Center

Public telephonenetwork andInternet

Mobile Switching

Center

Components of cellular network architecture

connects cells to wide area netmanages call setuphandles mobility

MSC

covers geographical region

base station (BS) analogous to 80211 AP

mobile users attach to network through BS

air-interfacephysical and link layer protocol between mobile and BS

cell

wired network


Cellular networks the first hopTwo techniques for sharing

mobile-to-BS radio spectrumcombined FDMATDMAdivide spectrum in frequency channels divide each channel into time slotsCDMA code division multiple access

frequencybands

time slots


Cellular standards brief survey

2G systems voice channelsIS-136 TDMA combined FDMATDMA (north america)GSM (global system for mobile communications) combined FDMATDMA

most widely deployedIS-95 CDMA code division multiple access

IS-136 GSM IS-95GPRS EDGECDMA-2000

UMTS

TDMAFDMADonrsquot drown in a bowlof alphabet soup use thisfor reference only



25 G systems voice and data channelsfor those who canrsquot wait for 3G service 2G extensionsgeneral packet radio service (GPRS)

evolved from GSM data sent on multiple channels (if available)

enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE)also evolved from GSM using enhanced modulation data rates up to 384K

CDMA-2000 (phase 1)data rates up to 144Kevolved from IS-95



3G systems voicedataUniversal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS)

data service High Speed UplinkDownlink packet Access (HSDPAHSUPA) 3 Mbps

CDMA-2000 CDMA in TDMA slotsdata service 1xEvolution Data Optimized (1xEVDO) up to 14 Mbps


BSCBTS

Base transceiver station (BTS)

Base station controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Mobile subscribers

Base station system (BSS)

Legend

2G (voice) network architecture

MSCPublic telephonenetwork

GatewayMSC

G


25G (voice+data) network architecture

BSCMSC

SGSN

Public telephonenetwork

GatewayMSC

G

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

Public Internet

GGSN

G

Key insight new cellular datanetwork operates in parallel(except at edge) with existing cellular voice network

voice network unchanged in coredata network operates in parallel

Chapter 5 The Data Link Layer

Link Layer Introduction

Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum

Checksumming Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC Example

Multiple Access Links and Protocols

Multiple Access protocols


MAC Protocols a taxonomy




Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA


Pure (unslotted) ALOHA

Pure Aloha efficiency


CSMA collisions

CSMACD (Collision Detection)






LAN Addresses and ARP

LAN Address (more)



Routing to another LAN

Ethernet

Star topology

Ethernet Frame Structure




Ethernet CSMACD algorithm

Frame Size limitations for Ethernet

Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)

CSMACD efficiency

10BaseT and 100BaseT

Hubs

Gbit Ethernet

Interconnecting with hubs

Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch traffic isolation

Switches dedicated access


Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN


Point to Point Data Link Control



PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing

PPP Data Control Protocol

ATM and MPLS

Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM








A day in the lifehellip ARP (before DNS before HTTP)












Wireless Link Characteristics (1)


Wireless network characteristics

IEEE 80211 Wireless LAN




IEEE 80211 multiple access


Avoiding collisions (more)



Cellular networks the first hop





Link Layer IntroductionSome terminology

hosts and routers are nodescommunication channels that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links

wired linkswireless linksLANs

layer-2 packet is a frameencapsulates datagram

ldquolinkrdquo

data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to adjacent node over a link





























sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol







0 0

1


Internet checksum










CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G





80211)












4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS

































































sendingnode

frame

rcvingnode

datagram

frame

adapter adapter

link layer protocol







0 0

1


Internet checksum










CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G





80211)












4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS











































0 0

1


Internet checksum










CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G





80211)












4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Internet checksum










CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G





80211)












4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS










































CRC ExampleWant




R = remainder[ ]D2r

G





80211)












4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































80211)












4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS
















































4 Simple












freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS
















































freq

uenc

y ba

nds

time








Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS












































Slotted ALOHA




Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Slotted ALOHA



















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS





















































= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)













































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS















































































= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































LAN Address (more)










1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS










































1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

237196723

237196778

237196714

237196788














A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS


















































A

RB



A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































A

RB







hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS











































hub orswitch





























ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS

































































ms)FminR ge 2dmaxS



A Bd

2dS

tim

e

Arsquos frame

Brsquos frame












CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS














































CSMACD efficiency




asymp+



twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































twisted pair

hub




twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































twisted pair

hub


Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Gbit Ethernet




hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































hub hub hub

hub







Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS











































Forwarding


hub hubhub

switch1

2 3


Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Self learning










else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS










































else flood





frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


1123

12 3




frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































frame received by D

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


11231

12 3




frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































frame received by C

hub hub hub

switch

B CD G H

A

EF

I


112312

12 3




hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































hub hub hub

switch


collision domain





switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































switch

A

Arsquo

B

C

Crsquo

Brsquo



hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































hub hubhub

switch

to externalnetwork

router

IP subnet

mail server

web server






Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS










































Summary comparison


traffic isolation

no yes yes


optimal routing

no yes no


VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































VLANs motivation











1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router







1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































1

8

9

102

7

hellip



15

hellip

2

73


5

4 6 816

1


Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Type



Recomputed CRC


8021 frame

8021Q frame















PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS



















































PPP Data Frame



PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































PPP Data Frame








Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS











































Byte Stuffing








ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS










































ATM and MPLS















label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS














































label Exp S TTL

20 3 1 5








R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS












































R1R2

DR3R4

R50

100

A

R6


6 - A 0


10 6 A 112 9 D 0


10 A 012 D 0

1


8 6 A 0

0

8 A 1










web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS













































web server

DNS server


browser

web page




router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPDHCP






router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































router(runs DHCP)

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCPUDP

IPEthPhy

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP

DHCP






DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS



ARP query

EthPhy

ARP

ARP

ARP reply



DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































DNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS




DNS serverDNSUDP

IPEthPhy

DNS

DNS

DNS

DNS



HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP



SYN

SYN

SYN

SYN

TCPIP

EthPhy

SYN

SYN

SYN

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK

SYNACK




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy

HTTP




HTTPTCPIP

EthPhy


HTTP

HTTP

HTTPHTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP

HTTP






















Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS

























































Indoor10-30m

Outdoor50-200m

Mid-rangeoutdoor

200m ndash 4 Km

Long-rangeoutdoor

5Km ndash 20 Km

056

384

1

4

5-11

54

IS-95 CDMA GSM 2G


80215

80211b

80211ag


80216 (WiMAX)


200 80211n

Dat

a ra

te (M

bps) data












noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS
















































noinfrastructure


larger Internet


ad hoc nets)



Internet mesh net



MANET VANET










10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS














































10 20 30 40

QAM256 (8 Mbps)

QAM16 (4 Mbps)

BPSK (1 Mbps)

SNR(dB)B

ER

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4




AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































AB

C



A B C


space

















BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS



















































BSS 1

BSS 2

Internet


AP








AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS












































AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

122

3 4





H1 to selected AP

AP 2AP 1

H1

BBS 2BBS 1

12 3

1



H1 to selected AP





AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































AB

CA B C


space









sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS












































sender receiver

DIFS

data

SIFS

ACK









APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS













































APA B

time

RTS(A)RTS(B)

RTS(A)

CTS(A) CTS(A)

DATA (A)

ACK(A) ACK(A)


defer



1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol







Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Internetrouter

AP

H1 R1


80211 frame


8023 frame




1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































1address

2address

4address

3 payload CRC

2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4

seqcontrol


APMore frag WEPMore

dataPower


2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 1


frame seq (for RDT)



hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































hub or switch

AP 2

AP 1

H1 BBS 2

BBS 1








10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































10 20 30 40SNR(dB)

BE

R

10-1

10-2

10-3

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-4

operating point









M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS












































M radius ofcoverage

S

SS

P

P

P

P

M

S

Master device

Slave device











point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS









































point-to-multipoint

point-to-point




prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































prea

m

DL-MAP

UL-MAP

DLburst 1 SS 1DL

burst 2DL

burst nInitialmaint

requestconn

downlink subframe

SS 2 SS k

uplink subframe

hellip

hellip

hellip

hellip




Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS






































Mobile Switching

Center


Mobile Switching

Center



MSC





cell

wired network




frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS








































frequencybands

time slots






UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS










































UMTS














BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS

















































BSCBTS




Mobile subscribers


Legend



GatewayMSC

G



BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS







































BSCMSC

SGSN


GatewayMSC

G



Public Internet

GGSN

G





Link layer context

Link Layer Services



Error Detection

Parity Checking

Internet checksum


CRC Example








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA





CSMA collisions








LAN Address (more)




Ethernet

Star topology








CSMACD efficiency


Hubs

Gbit Ethernet


Switch

Forwarding

Self learning

FilteringForwarding

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example

Switch example




Switches vs Routers

Summary comparison

VLANs motivation

VLANs

Port-based VLAN





PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame

Byte Stuffing

Byte Stuffing


ATM and MPLS





































chapter 5: the data link layer - bilkent...

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