chapter 5 - the skeletal system
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 5
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
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The Skeletal System
· Parts of the skeletal system· Bones (skeleton)· Joints· Cartilages· Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to
muscle)
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The Skeletal System· Divided into two divisions
· Axial skeleton
· Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle
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Axial Skeleton
• Consists of 80 bones along the central axis of the human body
• It is composed of six parts; the skull, the ossicles (in middle ear), the hyoid bone, the rib cage, the sternum, and the vertebral column
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Appendicular Skeleton
• Composed of 126 bones in the human body
• Appendicular is an adjective derived from the noun appendage
• This means that these structures are joined to something larger
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Functions of Bones
· 1. Support of the body· 2. Protection of soft organs· 3. Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles· 4. Storage of minerals and fats· 5. Blood cell formation
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Functions of Bones
• 1. Support of the body– Internal framework that supports the body and
cradles its soft organs
• 2. Protection of soft organs– Ex. skull – brain, rib cage – lungs and heart
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Functions of Bones
• 3. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles– Skeletal muscles attached by tendons use the
bones as levers to move the body and its parts
• 4. Storage of minerals and fats– Fat is stored in the internal cavities of bone– Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
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Functions of Bones
• 5. Blood cell formation– Hematopoiesis– Occurs within the marrow cavities of certain
bones
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Bones of the Human Body
· The skeleton has 206 bones· Two basic types of bone tissue
· Compact bone· Homogeneous
· Spongy bone· Small needle-like
pieces of bone· Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones· Long bones
· Typically longer than they are wide
· Have a shaft with heads at both ends
· Contain mostly compact bone• Examples:
Femur, humerus
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Classification of Bones· Short bones
· Generally cube-shape
· Contain mostly spongy bone· Examples: Carpals,
tarsals
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Classification of Bones· Flat bones
· Thin and flattened· Usually curved· Thin layers of
compact bone around a layer of spongy bone· Examples: Skull,
ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones· Irregular bones
· Irregular shape· Do not fit into
other bone classification categories· Example:
Vertebrae and hip
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
· Diaphysis· Shaft· Composed of
compact bone· Epiphysis
· Ends of the bone· Composed mostly of
spongy boneFigure 5.2a
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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
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Structures of a Long Bone· Periosteum
· Outside covering of the diaphysis
· Fibrous connective tissue membrane
· Sharpey’s fibers· Secure periosteum to
underlying bone· Arteries
· Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long Bone
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Structures of a Long Bone
· Articular cartilage· Covers the
external surface of the epiphyses
· Made of hyaline cartilage
· Decreases friction at joint surfaces
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone
· Medullary cavity· Cavity of the shaft· Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat) in adults
· Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
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Bone Marrow
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Bone Markings - Page 138
Slide 5.9
· Surface features of bones· Sites of attachments for muscles,
tendons, and ligaments· Passages for nerves and blood
vessels· Categories of bone markings
· Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface
· Depressions or cavities – indentations
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone· Osteon (Haversian System)
· A unit of bone· Central (Haversian) canal
· Opening in the center of an osteon
· Carries blood vessels and nerves
· Perforating (Volkman’s) canal· Canal perpendicular to the
central canal· Carries blood vessels and
nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone· Lacunae
· Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
· Arranged in concentric rings
· Lamellae· Rings around the
central canal· Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
· Canaliculi · Tiny canals· Radiate from the
central canal to lacunae
· Form a transport system
Figure 5.3
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Changes in the Human Skeleton· In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline
cartilage· During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone· Cartilage remains in isolated areas
· Bridge of the nose· Ears· Parts of ribs· Joints
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Bone Growth· Epiphyseal plates
allow for growth of long bone during childhood· New cartilage is
continuously formed· Older cartilage
becomes ossified· Cartilage is broken
down· Bone replaces
cartilage
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Bone Growth
· Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops· Bones change shape somewhat· Bones grow in width
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a
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Types of Bone Cells· Osteocytes
· Mature bone cells· Osteoblasts
· Bone-forming cells· Osteoclasts
· Bone-destroying cells· Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium· Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoblasts
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Bone Fractures
· A break in a bone· Types of bone fractures
· Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
· Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
· Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization· Realignment of the bone
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone Fractures
• 1.Inflammation - Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
• Begins immediately after the injury and lasts up to 5 days
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Repair of Bone Fractures
• 2. Soft callus formation - Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus
• Begins anywhere from 4 day to 3 weeks after injury, lasts about 6 weeks
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Repair of Bone Fractures
• 3. Hard callus formation - Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus
• Lasts 6-12 weeks; 6 for upper limbs, 12 for lower limbs
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Repair of Bone Fractures
• 4. Bone remodeling - Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
• Can continue for several years
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Figure 5.5
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The Axial Skeleton· Forms the longitudinal part of the body· Divided into six parts
· Skull· Ossicles· Hyoid bone· Vertebral column· Rib cage· Sternum
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The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
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The Skull
· Two sets of bones· Cranium· Facial bones
· Bones are joined by sutures· Only the mandible is attached by a
freely movable joint
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The Skull
Figure 5.7
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Bones of the Skull
Figure 5.11
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Paranasal Sinuses
· Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Figure 5.10
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Paranasal Sinuses
· Functions of paranasal sinuses· Lighten the skull· Give resonance and amplification to voice
Figure 5.10
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The Hyoid Bone
· The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
· Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Figure 5.12
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The Fetal Skull
· The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Figure 5.13
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The Fetal Skull
· Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones· Allow the brain
to grow· Convert to bone
within 24 months after birth
Figure 5.13
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The Vertebral Column
· Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
· The spine has a normal curvature
· Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location
Figure 5.14
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Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Figure 5.16
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The Bony Thorax
· Forms a cage to protect major organs
Figure 5.19a
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The Bony Thorax
· Made-up of three parts· Sternum· Ribs· Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
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The Appendicular Skeleton
· Limbs (appendages)· Pectoral girdle· Pelvic girdle
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The Appendicular Skeleton
Figure 5.6c
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
· Composed of two bones· Clavicle – collarbone· Scapula – shoulder blade
· These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
Figure 5.20a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· The arm is formed by a single bone· Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
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Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm has two bones• Ulna• Radius
Figure 5.21c
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Bones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· The hand· Carpals – wrist· Metacarpals –
palm· Phalanges –
fingers
Figure 5.22
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Hip bones· Composed of three pair of fused bones
· Ilium· Ischium· Pubic bone
· The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
· Protects several organs· Reproductive organs· Urinary bladder· Part of the large intestine
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The Pelvis
Slide 5.38a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis
Slide 5.39Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· The thigh has one bone· Femur – thigh
bone
Figure 5.35a, b
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· The leg has two bones· Tibia· Fibula
Figure 5.35c
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· The foot· Tarsus – ankle· Metatarsals –
sole· Phalanges –
toes
Figure 5.25
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Joints
Slide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Articulations of bones· Functions of joints
· Hold bones together· Allow for mobility
· Ways joints are classified· Functionally· Structurally
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Functional Classification of Joints
Slide 5.44Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Synarthroses – immovable joints· Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable
joints· Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
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Structural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Fibrous joints· Generally immovable
· Cartilaginous joints· Immovable or slightly moveable
· Synovial joints· Freely moveable
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Fibrous Joints
Slide 5.46Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.
Figure 5.27d, e
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Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis
Slide 5.47Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
· Bones connected by cartilage· Examples
· Pubic symphysis
· Intervertebral joints
Figure 5.27b, c
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Synovial Joints
· Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
· Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Figure 5.27f–h
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Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses
· Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
· Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
· Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
· Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint· Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
· Lined with synovial membranes· Filled with synovial fluid· Not actually part of the joint
· Tendon sheath· Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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The Synovial Joint
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.28
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29a–c
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Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.29d–f
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Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints· Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually
caused by a blow or friction· Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths· Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints· Over 100 different types· The most widespread crippling disease in the
United States
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
· Osteoarthritis· Most common chronic arthritis· Probably related to normal aging processes
· Rheumatoid arthritis· An autoimmune disease – the immune system
attacks the joints· Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of
certain joints· Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
· Gouty Arthritis· Inflammation of joints is caused by a
deposition of urate crystals from the blood· Can usually be controlled with diet
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