chapter 5 :the skeleton part a lecture notes. the skeletal system ***quiz 1 info parts of the...
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Chapter 5 :The SkeletonPart A Lecture Notes
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The Skeletal System ***Quiz 1 Info
• Parts of the skeletal system• Bones (skeleton)• Joints• Cartilages• Ligaments
• Two subdivisions of the skeleton• Axial skeleton• Appendicular skeleton
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Functions of Bones
• Support the body• Protect soft organs• Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles• Store minerals and fats• Blood cell formation
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Bones of the Human Body
• The adult skeleton has 206 bones• Two basic types of bone tissue• Compact bone
• Homogeneous• Spongy bone
• Small needle-like pieces of bone
• Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones
• Long bones• Typically longer than they are wide• Have a shaft with heads at both ends• Contain mostly compact bone• Example:
• Femur• Humerus
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1a
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Classification of Bones
• Short bones• Generally cube-shape• Contain mostly spongy bone• Example:
• Carpals• Tarsals
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1b
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Classification of Bones
• Flat bones• Thin, flattened, and usually curved• Two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone• Example:
• Skull• Ribs• Sternum
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1c
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Classification of Bones
• Irregular bones• Irregular shape• Do not fit into other bone classification categories• Example:
• Vertebrae • Hip bones
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Classification of Bones
Figure 5.1d
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Anatomy of a Long Bone **Quiz 2 info• Diaphysis• Shaft• Composed of compact bone
• Epiphysis • Ends of the bone• Composed mostly of spongy bone
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2a
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Periosteum• Outside covering of the diaphysis• Fibrous connective tissue membrane
• Sharpey’s fibers• Secure periosteum to underlying bone
• Arteries• Supply bone cells with nutrients
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2c
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Articular cartilage• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses• Made of hyaline cartilage• Decreases friction at joint surfaces
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Epiphyseal plate• Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone
• Epiphyseal line• Remnant of the epiphyseal plate• Seen in adult bones
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
Figure 5.2a
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
• Medullary cavity • Cavity inside of the shaft• Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults• Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
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Bone Markings
• Surface features of bones• Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments• Passages for nerves and blood vessels
• Categories of bone markings• Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface• Depressions or cavities—indentations
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Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (1 of 2)
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Bone Markings
Table 5.1 (2 of 2)
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Osteon (Haversian system)• A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings
• Central (Haversian) canal• Opening in the center of an osteon• Carries blood vessels and nerves
• Perforating (Volkman’s) canal• Canal perpendicular to the central canal• Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3a
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Lacunae• Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)• Arranged in concentric rings
• Lamellae• Rings around the central canal• Sites of lacunae
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b–c
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
• Canaliculi • Tiny canals• Radiate from the central canal to lacunae• Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Figure 5.3b
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Formation of the Human Skeleton
• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone• Cartilage remains in isolated areas• Bridge of the nose• Parts of ribs• Joints
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Bone Growth (Ossification)
• Epiphyseal plates allow for lengthwise growth of long bones during childhood• New cartilage is continuously formed• Older cartilage becomes ossified
• Cartilage is broken down• Enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity• Bone replaces cartilage through the action of osteoblasts
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Bone Growth (Ossification)
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
• Growing bones must widen as they lengthen= appositional growth
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Bone startingto replacecartilage
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Articularcartilage
Spongybone
In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo
New boneforming
Growthin bonewidth
Growthin bonelength
Epiphysealplate cartilage
New boneforming
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a, step 1
Bone startingto replacecartilage
In an embryo
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a, step 2
Bone startingto replacecartilage
In a fetusIn an embryo
Growthin bonelength
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4a, step 3
Bone startingto replacecartilage
Epiphysealplatecartilage
Articularcartilage
Spongybone
In a childIn a fetusIn an embryo
New boneforming
Growthin bonewidth
Growthin bonelength
Epiphysealplate cartilage
New boneforming
Bloodvessels
Hyalinecartilage
New center ofbone growth
Medullarycavity
Bone collar
Hyalinecartilagemodel
(a)
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Long Bone Formation and Growth
Figure 5.4b
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Bone Remodeling:
• Bones are remodeled in response to two factors• Blood calcium levels• Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton
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Types of Bone Cells
• Osteocytes—mature bone cells• Osteoblasts—bone-forming cells• Osteoclasts—bone-destroying cells• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in response to
parathyroid hormone
• Bone remodeling is performed by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts