chapter 5: understanding internetworking … 5 table 5-1 fundamental components of internetworking...

Chapter 5: “Understanding Internetworking Infrastructure”

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Key questions

n What are the basic components of Internetworking Infrastructures?

n What Business Implications do they bring?

n The Future?


A Graphical Representation of Moore’s Law

Chapter 5 Figure 5-1

Moore's Law

02000400060008000

10000120001400016000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

Tran

sist

ors

per C

hip

Adapted by author from Microprocessor Report 9(6), May 1995 and “ChipList 9.9.5,” by Aad Offerman, July 1998.

Source: Applegate, Lynda M., Robert D. Austin, and F. Warren McFarlan, Corporate Information Strategy and Management. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2002.


Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructuresn The Technological Elements

q Local Area networksq Hubs, switches and Network Adaptersq Wide Area Networksq Routersq Firewalls and other security systems and devicesq Caching, content acceleration and other specialized

devices


T h e E v o l u t i o n o f C o r p o r a t e I T I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

C h a p t e r 5 F i g u r e 5 - 2

S o u r c e : A p p l e g a t e , L y n d a M . , R o b e r t D . A u s t i n , a n d F . W a r r e n M c F a r l a n , C o r p o r a t e I n f o r m a t i o n S t r a t e g y a n d M a n a g e m e n t . B u r r R i d g e , I L : M c G r a w - H i l l / I r w i n , 2 0 0 2 .



A Graphical Representation of Metcalfe’s Law

Metcalfe's Law

0200400600800

10001200140016001800

0 10 20 30 40

Number of Users Connected to the Network

Valu

e of

Net

wor

k



T h e B a n d w i d t h E x p l o s i o n

C h a p t e r 5 F i g u r e 5 - 4

N e t w o r k B a n d w i d t h G r o w t h

1 9 6 0 - 1 9 9 0

1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 4

1 9 9 4 - 1 9 9 6

1 9 9 6 - 1 9 9 7

1 9 9 7 - 1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1 +

I n c r e a s i n g N e t w o r k B a n d w i d t h

M a s s W W W a d o p t i o n , g r a p h i c i n t e n s i v e , i n s ta n t m e s s a g i n g

M a s s e - m a i l a d o p t i o n , b a s i c W W W s i t e s

L a r g e f i l e t r a n s f e r , e - m a i l

F i l e t r a n s f e r

S t r e a m i n g a u d i o a n d v i d e o , a d v a n c e d e -c o m m e r c e , l i v e s t o c k q u o t e s , 1 ,0 0 0 M B p s

L i v e a u d i o a n d v i d e o s t r e a m i n g e v e n t s , d i g i t a l c o m m e r c e , I n t e r n e t r a d i o a n d t e l e v i s i o n , v i o c e c h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s

T r u e v o i c e - o v e r - I P t e l e p h o n y , h i g h r e s o l u t i o n I n t e r n e t t e l e v i s i o n , m u s i c a n d m o v i e s o n d e m a n d , v i r t u a l w o r k p l a c e s , b r o a d b a n d w i r e l e s s

S o u r c e : A d a p t e d f r o m : h t t p : / / w w w . s t a n f o r d . e d u / ~ y z a r o l i a / C h a l l e n g e s . h t m


Basic Components of Internetworking Infrastructures (Cont)

n The Technological Elements of Processing Systemsq Client Devices and Systemsq Server Devices and Systemsq Mainframe Devices and Systemsq Middlewareq Infrastructure Management Systemsq Business Applications



A Simple LAN

Hub

Laptop

Laptop Workstation

Workstation

Workstation Printer

Printer

Server




An Example of a WAN

Backup Frame Relay Network

Frame Relay Provider Network



ProductionPlant

Corporate

ProductionPlant

Remote

Remote

Remote

Backup Frame Relay NetworkBackup Frame Relay Network





ProductionPlant

Corporate

ProductionPlant

Remote

Remote

Remote



Servers in a Typical E-Commerce Configuration


iPremier Co Cage

To Public Internet

D

UPPER LOWER NORMA

InternetRouter

Router- Cust A

Router- Cust B

Router- Cust ...

VPN Cust B

VPN Cust ...

Router Firewall

Web Server Cluster

Database Server

SD

SD

SMTP/POPServer

SD

DNS ServersEthernet Switch

SD

Web Accelerator

Router to HO

T1

SD

NetworkManagement

Ethernet Switches

Qdata Facility

DIAGRAM SIMPLIFIED FOR ILLUSTRATION PURPOSES

VPN Cust A

VPN iPremier Company

Qdata Private Network

SD

Network Management

SD

SD

Big Iron

Source : Austin, Robert D.; Leibrock, Larry; Murray, Alan, “The iPremier Company: Denial of Service Attack (A),” Harvard Business School Case No. 601-114.



n The Technological Elements of Facilitiesq Building and Physical spacesq Network Conduits and connectionsq Powerq Environmental controlsq Security



A Modern Data Center

Source: Allegiance Telecom



n The Operational Characteristics of Internetworksq Open Standards (TCP/IP)q Asynchronous Operationq Inherent Latencyq Decentralizationq Scalability


Chapter 5 Table 5-1

Fundamental Components of Internetworking Infrastructure

Core Technologies Key Management Issues Netw ork Fiber optics, cable systems, DSL,

satellite, wireless, Internetworking hardware (routers, switches, firewalls), content delivery software, identity and policy management, net monitoring

• How to select technologies and standards

• How to select partners • How to manage partner relationships • How to assure reliability • How to maintain security

Processing Systems

Transaction software (enterprise systems offered by companies such as SAP or Oracle; or more targeted solu tions offered by companies such as Trilogy and i2), servers, server appliances, client devices (PCs, handhelds)

• What to keep internal and what to outsource

• How to deploy, grow, and modify • Enterprise system or best-of-breed

hybrid? • Relationships with legacies • How to manage incidents • How to recover after a “disaster”

Facilities Corporate data centers, collocation

data centers, managed services data centers, data closets

• Internal or external management? • Choosing a facilities model suited to

your company • How to assure reliability • How to maintain security



Chapter 5 Table 5-2

Measuring Network Bandwidth

Term Definition Bandwidth The maximum rate at which information can be transmitted along a

communication link.

bit Smallest unit of information handled by computers

bits per second or bps Bandwidth measurement unit

Bandwidth Rates Bit equivalent Information Transfer speed

1 kilobit (Kb) 1 thousand bits 1,000 bits/ second

1 megabit (Mb) 1 million bits 1,000,000/ second

1 gigabit (Gb) 1 billion bits 1,000,000,000/ second



The Rise of Internetworking: Business Implicationsn The emergence of Real Time Infrastructuresn Broader Exposure to Operational Threatsn New Models Of Service Deliveryn Managing Legacies


Chapter 5 Table 5-3

Communication Technology Bandwidths and User Groups

Communication Technology Bandwidtha User Groups Telephone Modem 33.6 kbps – 56 kbps Individuals and small

businesses Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)

128 kbps Individuals and small businesses

Cable Modem 128 kbps – 512 kbps Individuals and small businesses

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 128 kps – 1.5 mbps Individuals and small businesses

Ethernet LAN 10 mbps–100 mbps Most businesses and organizations

Leased Lines (T1, T3) 1.544 mbps, 45 mbps Government, universities, medium and large businesses

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)/ Gigabit Ethernet

155 mbps–25.6 gbps Government, universities, and large corporations

a We have listed the typical bandwidth performance. Some of the technologies are theoretically capable of higher bandwidths. Additional, some technologies perform at different speeds upstream and downstream.



W a k e - U p C a l l : D e n i a l o f S e r v i c e A t t a c k s i n F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 0

C h a p t e r 5 T a b l e 5 - 4

a O v e r a l l p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e I n t e r n e t d e g r a d e d b y a s m u c h a s 2 5 % d u r i n g t h e p e a k o f t h e a t t a c k s a s c o m p u t e r s r e - s e n t m e s s a g e s r e p e a t e d l y a n d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , t r y i n g t o r e c o v e r i n t e r r u p t e d t r a n s a c t i o n s .

S o u r c e : A d a p t e d f r o m : N e t w o r k W o r l d F u s i o n , w w w . n f u s i o n . c o m , c o m p l i e d b y L e G r a n d E l e b a s h .

D a t e T a r g e t C o m p a n y R e s u l t s o f A t t a c k F e b r u a r y 7 Y a h o o • O v e r w h e l m i n g s p i k e i n t r a f f i c t h a t l a s t e d

3 h o u r s . • N e t w o r k a v a i l a b i l i t y d r o p p e d f r o m 9 8 %

t o 0 % . • A t t a c k o r i g i n a t e d f r o m 5 0 d i f f e r e n t

l o c a t i o n s a n d w a s t i m e d t o o c c u r d u r i n g m i d d l e o f b u s i n e s s d a y .

• S t o c k w a s d o w n 3 . 2 % f o r w e e k i n w h i c h N A S D A Q r o s e a l m o s t 3 % .

F e b r u a r y 8 B u y . c o m • A t t a c k o c c u r r e d w i t h i n a n h o u r o f t h e c o m p a n y ’ s I n i t i a l P u b l i c O f f e r i n g ( I P O ) .

• S t o c k w a s d o w n a t w e e k ’ s e n d m o r e t h a n 2 0 % f r o m I P O p r i c e .

E b a y • S t o c k w a s d o w n 7 . 3 % f o r w e e k i n w h i c h N A S D A Q r o s e a l m o s t 3 % .

C N N . c o m • S e r v i c e d i s r u p t e d F e b r u a r y 9 E * T r a d e • A t t a c k e d d u r i n g p e a k t r a d i n g h o u r s .

• S t o c k w a s d o w n 7 . 6 % f o r w e e k i n w h i c h N A S D A Q r o s e a l m o s t 3 % .

Z D N e t • S e r v i c e d i s r u p t e d F e b r u a r y 1 8 F e d e r a l B u r e a u o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n

( F B I ) • S e r v i c e d i s r u p t e d .

F e b r u a r y 2 4 N a t i o n a l D i s c o u n t B r o k e r s G r o u p ( N D B )

• A t t a c k e d d u r i n g p e a k t r a d i n g h o u r s . • O p e r a t o r s a c c i d e n t a l l y c r a s h e d s i t e a s

t h e y a t t e m p t e d t o d e f e n d a g a i n s t t h e a t t a c k .


The Future

n Client-Server model became popularn LANs, WANs, VANsn Less dependence on Mainframe computers & MIS

n Electronic communication/workgroup computing tools support group work

n See GWUForecast.gwu.edu


Organizational Design Challenges

n The Virtual Corporationq From Control to Learningq From Autonomy to

Collaborationn Organizational Structuren Authority and Decision

Makingn Operating Processesn Management Processesn Incentives and rewardsn Roles/Skills and Expertisen Career Development


Targeted Opportunities

n Communicating Organizational Priorities

n Meaningful Budgetsn Effective Incentive

Systemsn Solution for Productionn Adaptation for Change


Interorganizational Systems (IOS)

n Networked information systems used by two or more separate organizations to perform a joint business function

n Interorganizational systems (IOS)q Electronic Data Interchange uses EDI standardsq Extranets - IOS over the Internet


IOS EXAMPLE

Kmart has opened its IS to help suppliers better serve customers. The interface has an extensive GUI component and allows 50to 100 vendors to look at Kmart’s merchandising database.

For example, the system lets Black and Decker access to any datathat Kmart believes helps B&D better serve Kmart and its customers.

Kmart implemented this program in exchange for more frequentand smaller deliveries, but also because it was in the best interestedof the company, its customers and its suppliers.

Why did Kmart implement this IOS? What is the implication forhaving Kmart decide on what info B&D can access?


IOS Risks

n Forces automation & lock-in to a particular system

n Government regulations may changen Great impacts on organizational structures,

systems, & people - loss of controln Diminishes organizational boundaries --

requires trust in partners


Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)n Computer-to-computer

exchange of standard business transaction documents between 2 organizationsq purchase ordersq invoicesq bill of lading


chapter 5: understanding internetworking … 5 table 5-1 fundamental components of internetworking...

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