chapter 5. upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: configure ip addresses ...
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IP ADDRESSINGChapter 5
OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to:Configure IP addresses Identify & select valid IP addresses for
networksConfigure a DHCP serverConfigure a host to use DHCP for
configurationTroubleshoot & resolve IP addresses
configuration and communication issuesConfigure DNS addressesConfigure an IPv6 address
ABOUT IPV4 ADDRESSES
5a.1
PURPOSE OF AN IP ADDRESS Each host needs IP to communicate Logical address Assigned to the NIC
Computers, network printer, router interfaces
RememberPacket has source & destination IP
EVERYTHING IS IP
What protocol translates the name to the IP address?DNS
WHAT IS AN IPV4 ADDRESS? 32 bit number
Four octets of 8 bitsNetwork & host portion
of addressRouters read network
portion only To send to correct
network
192.168.2.16Network is 192.168.2 .16 is the host portion
IPV4 ADDRESS FACTS Logical (not physical like MAC) IPv4 has 32 bits, 4 octets
8 bits in each octet11111111.10101010.11001100.00100101
Convert that to decimal:192.101.28.36
Value in each octet from 0-255That’s a total of 256 numbers.
CONVERT BINARY TO DECIMAL Add up the values of the binary 1’s
156
11100101229
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
BINARY/DECIMAL CONVERSIONS Binary to Decimal Conversions
Add up the bit values to come up with the decimal answer
Decimal to Binary ConversionsConvert the decimal number to bits
Binary GameCreate an account on cisco.com
REVIEW- 4Q How many bits in an IPv4 address?
32 How many octets? How many bits in
each?4 octets; 8 bits in each
What can be the decimal value range of each octet?0-255
How many numbers is 0-255?256
PARTS OF THE ADDRESS & THE SUBNET MASK
5a.2
PARTS OF AN IP ADDRESS
Network portion Identifies network to the routerRouter cares about this part
Host portion Identifies the specific hostRouter doesn’t care about this part
Hierarchical Addressing
192.175.36.9
ACTIVITY
SUBNET MASKS & SLASH 255.255.255.0
How many total bits are on? (1’s) 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24 notation
255.255.0.0How many total bits are on? (1’s)
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16 notation
255.255.255.248How many total bits are on? (1’s)
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29 notation
IP & SUBNET MASK INTERACTION Subnet Mask
Helps router decide which network packet is on
Helps show which part of IP is network & host
32 bits192.168.6.5 255.255.255.0
Binary 1’s - ID the network portion Binary 0’s - ID the host portion
HOW MANY HOSTS ON THE NET? UNSUBNETTED SM helps tells us how many hosts are on
that network255.255.255.00000000Binary 0’s= identifies # of hosts on that
network8 ZEROS is 28=256Subtract 2 for useable number
Unusable:00000000 (.0) is the network ID11111111 (.255) is the broadcast address for a
network Total Useable is 254
HOW MANY TOTAL & USEABLE HOSTS? SM 255.255.255.128
128= 1000000027= 128-2 is 126 hosts
SM 255.255.255.224224= 1110000025= 32-2 is 30 hosts
SM 255.255.240.0 .240.0= 11110000.00000000212= 4096-2 is 4094 hosts
ROUTERS, IP’S & SUBNET MASKS Router ONLY knows which NETWORKS it
is connected to!!!
Doesn’t care about individual hosts
It ANDs the IP & Subnet Mask
Result= DESTINATION NETWORK
Looks in routing table for destination network & sends it out the outgoing port
ANDING
WHAT NETWORK ARE THESE ON?
ANDING- WHAT NETWORK? 199.81.210.17 255.255.255.240
What network does this belong to?
FIGURE IT OUT One PC is 192.168.18.107
255.255.255.0What is network does it belong to?How many useable hosts?Give PC’s addresses.
REVIEW- 4Q What is the purpose of the subnet
mask?To help the router identify the destination
network A packet enters a router. Which address
does it look at?Destination IP
What process does it do with the destination IP & the subnet mask?ANDs it
What is the result of the ANDing?The destination network
TYPES OF IP ADDRESSES IPV4 CLASSFUL
5a.3
CLASS A:IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Large organizations 1-126 Default SM= 255.0.0.0
One octet for network, 3 octets for hosts How many hosts available?
224= over 16 million 10.52.33.7 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 120.111.99.87
CLASS A EXAMPLE 15.7.92.5 255.0.0.0
15= Class A Default SM for Class A= 255.0.0.0 Network portion of address= 15. Host portion= .7.92.5 Network ID= 15.0.0.0
All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 15.255.255.255
All binary one’s in the host portion
CLASS B:IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Medium organizations 128-191 Default SM= 255.255.0.0
Two octets for network, 2 octets for hosts How many hosts available?
216= over 65,000 130.52.33.7 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 185.111.99.87
CLASS B EXAMPLE 167.101.52.36 255.255.0.0
167= Class B Default SM for Class B= 255.255.0.0 Network portion of address= 167.101 Host portion= .52.36 Network ID= 167.101.0.0
All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 167.101.255.255
All binary one’s in the host portion
CLASS C:IP CLASSES & DEFAULT SM Small organizations 192-223 Default SM= 255.255.255.0
Three octets for network, 1 octet for hosts How many hosts available?
28= 256-2 (254 useable) 199.52.33.7 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 220.111.99.87
CLASS C EXAMPLE 210.44.200.89 255.255.255.0
210= Class C Default SM for Class C= 255.255.255.0 Network portion of address= 210.44.200 Host portion= .89 Network ID= 210.44.200.0
All zero’s in the host portion Broadcast address= 210.44.200.255
All binary one’s in the host portion
OTHER IP CLASSES & MORE Class D not for hosts
D is multicast (one to a group)224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255
Class E not for hostsFor testing only240-255
All 0’s in host portion(s) = network ID All 1’s in host portion(s)= broadcastCAN NOT USE THESE ADDRESSES FOR
HOSTS!
IPV4 ADDRESSES CHEAT SHEET
Class 1st Octet Range
Default Subnet Mask
Network/ Host
Portions
# of Hosts per
Network
A 1-126 255.0.0.0 N.H.H.H16
million
B128-191
255.255.0.0
N.N.H.H 65,000
C192-223
255.255.255.0
N.N.N.H 254
DE
D: 224-239 Is used for multicasting, webcasts, streaming videoE: 240-255 Is used research only
ACTIVITY Address 168.19.203.12 255.255.0.0
What class? What are the network portions? What are the host portions? What is the network address/ID? What is the broadcast address? What is the first usable address?
ACTIVITY 8.1.2.8 Lab
ANDing ActivityDetermine the network address
Lots of Practice!
REVIEW- 4Q Which version IP addresses are we
dealing with? IPv4
How many bits in an IP address? 32
How many octets in an IP address? 4
Which part of this address is the host portion? 199.81.71.6
6
REVIEW- 2Q Which network does this belong on?
201.14.6.5 255.255.255.0 201.14.6.0 network
How many total hosts can be on that network? Useable?
256 254, why?
PUBLIC & PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES
5a.4
PUBLIC/PRIVATE IP’S
Address Class
Address Range
A 10.0.0.0- 10.255.255.255B 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255C 192.168.0.0- 192.168.255.255
Some addresses are reserved & can not be routed across Internet
You can have a public IP for network/servers & private for hosts insideSaves IP addresses
PRIVATE IP’S If host does not connect DIRECTLY to
Internet, it can have a private IP
Router BLOCKS private IP’s
Great Security!!! Private IP’s can not be seen from Internet
127.0.0.0 range is reserved for loopback testing
169 is APIPA (local link)- no IP received from DHCP server
PRIVATE NETS
ACTIVITY Pass or Block IP Addresses
Decide to pass or block the IP depending upon if it’s private or public
Public or PrivateDrag each IP to public or private
HandoutHost, Network#, or Broadcast address,
Class, default SM, usable/unusable for hosts
REVIEW- 5Q What is the private range for class A?
10 What is the private range for B?
172.16- 172.31 What is the private range for C?
192.168 What is unique about the private
addresses?They are not routable
What does it mean if your address is 169?APIPA; you did not get an IP from DHCP
server
UNICAST, MULTICAST,
BROADCAST
5a.5
UNICAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-one (Source to Destination)
BROADCAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-all (source to all) in segment All hosts will look at it All 1’s in host portion(s) of address
Last address in subnetwork (unusable for host)
Broadcast IP & MAC (all F’s) Default Broadcasts
A- 10.255.255.255 255.0.0.0B- 172.16.255.255 255.255.0.0C- 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.0
BROADCAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION
MULTICAST ADDRESS COMMUNICATION One-to-group Class D 224.0.0.0- 239.255.255.255 Multicast MAC begins with 01-00-5E
Where is it used?GamingDistance learning
MULTICAST COMMUNICATION
WHICH ONE, BASED ON THE MAC?
Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast
ACTIVITY Unicast, Broadcast, Multicast
Look at the destination IP & click the devices that will receive it
Try it several time
Handout
CMDNetstat –eDo this every 10 secondsPay attention to non-unicast packets
REVIEW- 4Q
160.50.23.6 255.255.0.0; What network is this on?
160.50.0.0 Which default SM has the most hosts?
Class A 255.0.0.0 Over 16 million!
How many useable hosts in a Class C? 254
220.101.5.90 255.255.255.0; What network is this on?
220.101.5.0
REVIEW- 5Q
What are the private IP addresses? 10, 172.16-172.31, 192.168.
What is the MAC broadcast frame in hex? FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
What is the MAC for a multicast? 01-00-5E
One to one communication is… Unicast
To send a unicast message, which addresses do you need?
Source & dest. IP & MAC
IPV4 ADDRESSING
REVIEW
5a.6
ADDRESSING REVIEW- 5Q How many bits in an IPv4 address?
32 How many octets in an IPv4 address?
4 What’s the range of numbers in each
octet?0-255
What are the bit values?128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1
Convert 192.168.1.10611000000.10101000.00000001.01101010
CONVERSION PRACTICE 1 11100101 to decimal
10001110 to decimal
11111000 to decimal
11111111 to decimal
CONVERSION PRACTICE 2 192 to binary
224 to binary
47 to binary
115 to binary
IP ADDRESS REVIEW- CLASS A Range:
Default Subnet Mask:
Which octets are Network & Host?
How many hosts available?
Give an example IP & SM:
CONVERT A 5 to binary
77 to binary
100 to binary
127 to binary
What’s in common with all of them?
IP ADDRESS REVIEW- CLASS B Range:
Default Subnet Mask:
Which octets are Network & Host?
How many hosts available?
Give an example IP & SM:
CONVERT B 128 to binary
142 to binary
191 to binary
What’s in common here?
IP ADDRESS REVIEW- CLASS C Range:
Default Subnet Mask:
Which octets are Network & Host?
How many hosts available, total & useable?
Give an example IP & SM:
CONVERT C 192 to binary
200 to binary
223 to binary
What’s common here?
OTHER CLASSES Class D
Multicasting
Class EExperimental Use
Private AddressesA-B-C-
TEST ON IPV4
IP ADDRESSINGChapter 5