CHAPTER 53, 54, 55

*Community Ecology

* The Wolf, the Moose,

and the Fir Tree:A Case Study of

Trophic Interactions

The Return of Canis lupus?

*How Wolves Change Rivers 4.33

NG Yellowstone Wolves 5.05 Review of Reintroduction

NG Yellowstone Wolves Playlist

PROS*Greater Biodiversity

*Add $$$- Tourism

* # coyotes; # smaller prey

* elk, overgrazing; Aspen trees

* need for culling elk/coyote

* Beaver pop; dams, rivers etc

*+ Effect on Carrying Capacity of elk

CONS

*Prey on Livestock; cost to ranchers

*Decreases Big Game Hunting

*COST $$$

*Loss of Mining, hunting, logging areas

*Stress conditions for elk, coyote- move to less habitable areas

*Prey- neg. effect on #’s

*Reintroduction of Wolves to Yellowstone

*ECOLOGY

“No man is an island entire of itself. Every man is a piece of a continent, a part of the main”-John Donne

*What is Ecology?

*The study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with their physical environment.

*Biotic Factors vs Abiotic Factors?

Ch 52

**Physical Environment (non-living) ex- water, air, dirt, rocks

**Organisms that are living (or WERE living at one time….paper, steak) ex- animals, plants, bacteria, fungus

HW#6

Can we go smaller ?

2

3

5

4

6

1

* Individual CommunityBiome EcosystemPopulation Biosphere

AllCategory

A + BB only

1 Species1

*self-sustaining

*BIOSPHERE

Highest Point? Lowest Point?Living at the extremes?

BiomesBIOTIC,

ABIOTIC?

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN THIS BIOME?

THE TUNDRA

(adaptions)

Food Chain or

Food Web?

Ch 54

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=aZU699u9HWeUuM&tbnid=sYy0oBvUiluVoM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/ecosystem/food-web.php&ei=YHEKUtToH7LH4APM3YHwCg&bvm=bv.50500085,d.aWc&psig=AFQjCNFzADPPgD7wz2m9vhSCo5HD4jambg&ust=1376502472906059

HW#7

*FoodDensity Dependentvs

Density IndependentHW #6

P/S:Compare how

matter and energy operate in ecosystems?

(Are they recycled)?

HW Section 4, Ch54 #9

Matter and Energy in an Ecosystem

CH54#9

*10% Rule

NPP = GPP - CR

Section 4, CH54#15

*Pyramid of Energy:*Shows the energy available at each trophic level.*The size of the blocks represents the proportion of energy

*Measured in Joules or Calories

CH54#13,14

*Pyramid of biomass:

CH54#13,14

*Pyramid of Numbers:*Illustration of the number of organisms at

each level

CH54#13,14

Niche

Size

*Brown (introduced from Cuba) and Green anole (native to Florida)

*Niche- All Abiotic and biotic factors; habitat. Size?

*Size of the fundamental niche vs realized- same for the ‘stronger’, smaller realized niche for the ‘weaker’

Ch 53

HHMI-Anoles 17.45

A species's niche includes the physical environment to which it has become adapted as well as its role as producer and consumer of food

resources.

* (Fundamental vs Realized Niche)Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species

Island B: Populations of B.glanula and C.dalli barnacles co-existing in the presence of herbivores.

Island A: Populations of B.glanula and C.dalli barnacles co-existing in the absence of herbivores.

Ch 53 #8 P/S, review answers, discuss invasive species

Inter = Between different species

Intra = within one species

Battle at Kruger 8.24

Competition

Predation

Predator

Prey

Pursuit, ambush

Ch 53, CH51

*Competitive Exclusion

Principlep1151- G.F. Gause

*No two species can co-exist in a community if they share a niche (have the same needs).

*Where there is overlap, competition goes on and one species will always win out.

Ch 53

* Plant Defenses

Adaptions to improve

Survival & Reproduction:

Mechanical, Chemical

*Cuticle- keep water in, pathogens out; close the stomata! Spines! Thorns!

*Polymers to reduce digestibility; Odor!

*Essential oils- attract predatory insects to kill plant-feeding insectsCh 53

*Mimicry

Ch 53

COLORATION

*Camouflage

*Warning

“Cryptic Coloration”

Malaysian orchid mantis

Grey Cicada

*Camouflage

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1080207/Masters-disguise-Stunning-pictures-tricks-used-creatures-camouflage-themselves.html

*Octopus

*Grizzly Bear

4.37Camouflage

The yellow banded poison dart frog

Aposematic “warning” Coloration

*Mimicry*The harmless mimic gains the same advantage as the

dangerous model.

*The ‘duped’ predator brings about this evolutionary change. How?

*While the increased # could benefit both species, the model could be disadvantaged in this process. How?

*Mimicry

*The ‘model’ is still an aposematic prey.

*The Viceroy butterfly ‘mimic’(top) appears very similar to the noxious tasting Monarch butterfly (bottom).

*However, the viceroy is actually more unpalatable than the monarch

*The model benefits from being mimic- increasing numbers of toxic prey out there warning away predators

*The predator is not ‘duped’- both really are harmful

*Instead of out competing another species- they co-exist

*Other ways?

*Resource Partitioning

Ch 53

• location• time of day• nesting

sites or times

• Food type• plant root

depth

An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species.

P/S: examples of each?

Symbiosis

Mutualism+/+

Commensalism+/0

Parasitism+/-(host)

Symbiosis

Ch 53, POGIL

*?Mutualism

*?Commensalism

*?Mutualism

*?Parasitism

Ecto or endo?

Ectoparasite

*?Mutualism

*?Parasitism…..ecto or endo?

Endoparasite

*?Mutualism

Lichen:Fungus + Algae

*?Mutualism

The “crocodile bird- Egyptian plover…subsaharan Africa

*?Parasitism

Caterpillar Host to Wasp Cocoons

*?Amensalism

Black Walnut Tree-Emits a chemical that kills or inhibits growth of other trees or shrubs nearby.

*Keystone vs Dominant Species

*Definitions: ?

*P/S: Humans: keystone or dominant species?*Dominant: Most abundant species in a community

*Keystone: Species that has greater influence on community structure than you would predict based on #’s. Maintains species diversity (predation)

*Grey Wolf

*Fig Tree

* ?

CH53, Ext#7

Wolves-Yellowstone 4.33

*Ecological Succession

A landscape altered usually by a natural disaster ?

*Succession: The orderly replacement of one community by another.

HW# 20

*Krakatoa Eruption

1883 36,000 people died

*Nothing but rock

…1st life form back?

?

*Lichen

http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/53.18x1b.jpg

*A subalpine meadow in the Sierra Nevada under invasion by lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana). Depending upon local geological and climatological conditions, this area of grasses and sedges may eventually be replaced by a forest of lodgepole pines

Do you always have to start with primary succession?(Nothing but rock?)

*Four stages of succession:

*1. Submersed aquatic plants in the deeper water.

*2. Emergent cattails,bulrushes rooted in the mud of shallow water.

*3. Willow thickets along the banks of distant shoreline.

*4. Conifer forest in drier, well drained soil above the willow thickets.

Ecological Succession

in a lake

Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease

Describe how a decrease in biological diversity results in an increase in the transmission of Lyme disease to humans? How has human activities contributed to this lack of diversity? Text p1147 CH53

Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease*Low diversity areas,

white-footed mouse often the last to disappear..

*Mice carry Lyme disease bacterium which is transmitted to larval ticks as they feed on the mice.

*In the spring, larval ticks look for hosts