chapter 54: ecosystems
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 54: Ecosystems. Ecosystem. All the organisms and abiotic factors in a community. Ecosystem Studies. 1. Energy Flow – the movement of energy through trophic levels. 2. Chemical Cycling – the movement of matter from one part of the ecosystem to another. Trophic Levels. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 54: Ecosystems
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Ecosystem All the organisms and abiotic factors in a
community.
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Ecosystem Studies1. Energy Flow – the movement of energy
through trophic levels.2. Chemical Cycling – the movement of matter
from one part of the ecosystem to another.
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Trophic Levels Division of an ecosystem based on the source
of nutrition (energy).
1. Primary Producers
2. Primary Consumers
3. Secondary Consumers
4. Detritivores
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Primary Producers Usually plants, capture energy and store it in
chemical bonds. Are the source of the energy available to an
ecosystem.
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Consumers Primary Consumers
Organisms that feed on the producers. Ex: Herbivores
Secondary Consumers Organisms that feed on the Primary Consumers. Ex: Carnivores
Comment There may be several layers of Secondary Consumers in
an ecosystem.
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Detritivores Get their energy from the
organic waste produced by all levels.
Ex: bacteria and fungi
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Food Chain Linear pathway of
who eats who in an ecosystem.
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Food Webs
Network showing all the feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
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Primary Productivity The rate at which light energy is captured by
autotrophs or primary producers. NPP = GPP - Rs NPP = Net Primary Productivity GPP = Gross Primary Productivity Rs = Respiration
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Available Energy Daily - 1022 joules of solar radiation. 1% - captured by Ps. About 170 billion tons of organic matter is
created each year.
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Primary Producers 50 - 90% of GPP is lost to Rs by the primary
producers. NPP = 10 - 50% Animals - use only NPP, which limits the
food webs.
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Limiting Factors Material or nutrient that is not present in
sufficient quantity for the primary producers. Ex: N, P, K, Mg
Light, CO2
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Energy Transfers Not 100% efficient. Why? Second law of thermodynamics. Waste. Materials that can’t be digested etc. Averages 10% with each Trophic Level
change.
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Question ? Why do most ecosystems have only 3 - 4
trophic levels? There isn’t enough energy passed up through
the food web to support more levels.
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Implications There has to be fewer high level consumers in
a food web. The higher level consumers usually need a
large geographical area.
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Question Which would support more humans per area?
Eating meat? Eating plants?
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Pyramids Graphical representation of relationships in
ecosystems. Ex:
1. Productivity
2. Biomass
3. Numbers
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Chemical Cycling Matter is recycled through ecosystems. Ex: Biogeochemical Cycles Matter Reservoirs
1. Organic Materials
2. Inorganic Materials Available Unavailable
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Representative Cycles Water Carbon Nitrogen Know one or more of these cycles for an
essay question.
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Energy vs Matter
Energy - flows through ecosystems and is mostly lost as heat.
Matter - cycles in ecosystems. Question?
What is Man's influence on Ecosystems ? Humans have had many negative impacts.
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Hubbard Brook
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Biological Magnification The concentration of toxins in successive
levels of a food web. Ex: DDT
Heavy metals (Hg, Cd Pb)
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Causes Not broken down by
digestion/decomposition. Lipophilic. Concentrates and effects the upper levels of
the food web.
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Greenhouse Effects The trapping of heat by the Earth's
atmosphere. (CO2, H2O etc.). Carbon Dioxide Levels
Prior 1850 - 274 ppm 1958 - 316 ppm 1992 - 351 ppm
Point: the levels of CO2 are rising. The cause is probably due to humans.
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Greenhouse Effects Causes
Industrialization. Burning of fossil fuels. Loss of forests.
Results Earth will heat up. Ice caps melt and sea levels will rise. Climate shifts. Increased Ps (?)
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Acid Rain Caused by air pollution. Lowers the pH of rainfall. Is seriously damaging many ecosystems.
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Exotic Species When transplanted species are too successful
and upset the ecosystem in new areas. Ex: Starlings
Fire Ants Carp
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Habitat Destruction Worst problem threatening most species
today.
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Comment Man has a major impact on the Biosphere. Man needs to learn how to work with the
Biosphere.
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Summary Know the tropic levels of ecosystems. Know an example of a food chain and a food
web. Know how energy moves through an
ecosystem.
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Summary Know how matter moves through an
ecosystem. Know one or more examples of matter
cycling. Be able to discuss in detail a human impact
problem on ecosystems.