chapter 5.ppt

2007 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved.

Personality and

Values

Chapter FIVE


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What is Personality?

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Personality Determinants
GeneticsEnvironmentSituation

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Most widely-used instrument in the world.Participants are classified on four axes to determine one of 16 possible personality types, such as ENTJ.
Extroverted (E) vs. Introverted (I)

Sensing (S) vs. Intuitive (N)

Thinking (T) vs. Feeling (F)

Judging (J) vs. Perceiving (P)

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The Types and Their Uses
Each of the sixteen possible combinations has a name, for instance:
Visionaries (INTJ) are original, stubborn and driven.

Organizers (ESTJ) realistic, logical, analytical and businesslike.

Conceptualizer (ENTP) entrepreneurial, innovative, individualistic and resourceful.
Research results on validity mixed.
MBTI is a good tool for self-awareness and counseling.

Should not be used as a selection test for job candidates.

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The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
Emotional Stability
Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative)
Openness to Experience
Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive

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Other Personality Traits Relevant to OB
Core Self Evaluation
Bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence and worth as a person
Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement
Self Monitoring
Individuals ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors
Proactive Personality
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and preserve until meaningful changes occurs

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Definition: Mode of conduct or end state is personally or socially preferable (i.e., what is right & good)
Terminal Values

Desirable End States

Instrumental Values

The ways/means for achieving ones terminal values
Value System: A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individuals values in terms of their intensity.
Note: Values Vary by followers

Values


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Importance of Values
Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors of individuals and cultures.Influence our perception of the world around us.Represent interpretations of right and wrong.Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others.

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Types of Values - Rokeach Value Survey

Terminal Values

Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.

Instrumental Values

Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving ones terminal values.


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Values in the Rokeach
Survey

E X H I B I T 4-3

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).


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Values in the Rokeach Survey
(contd)

E X H I B I T 4-3 (contd)

Source: M. Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: The Free Press, 1973).


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Mean Value Rankings of Executives, Union Members, and Activists

E X H I B I T 4-4

Source: Based on W. C. Frederick and J. Weber, The Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications, in W. C. Frederick and L. E. Preston (eds.) Business Ethics: Research Issues and Empirical Studies (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1990), pp. 12344.


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Personality Job Fit Theory
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environmental determines satisfaction and turnover


Power DistanceIndividualism vs. CollectivismMasculinity vs. FemininityUncertainty AvoidanceLong-term and Short-term orientation
Values across Cultures: Hofstedes Framework


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Hofstedes Framework for Assessing Cultures

Power Distance

The extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

Low distance: relatively equal power between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth

High distance: extremely unequal power distribution between those with status/wealth and those without status/wealth


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Hofstedes Framework (contd)

Collectivism

A tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Individualism

The degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than a member of groups.

Vs.


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Masculinity

The extent to which the society values work roles of achievement, power, and control, and where assertiveness and materialism are also valued.

Femininity

The extent to which there is little differentiation between roles for men and women.

Vs.


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Uncertainty Avoidance

The extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
High Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not like ambiguous situations & tries to avoid them. Low Uncertainty Avoidance: Society does not mind ambiguous situations & embraces them.

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Long-term Orientation

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, economy, and persistence.

Short-term Orientation

A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and the here and now.

Vs.


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