chapter 6 referencesshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8293/16/16... · 2015. 12. 4. ·...

CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

Chapter – 6 References

168

6.0 REFERENCES

Alcalde, M., Ferrer, M., Plou, F. J and Ballesteros, A. (2006) Environmental biocatalysis:

From remediation with enzymes to novel green processes. Trends Biotechnol. 24: 281-

287.

Alfani, F., Cantarella, M., Spera, A. and Viparelli, P. (2001) Operational stability of

Brevibacterium imperialis CBS 489-74 nitrile hydratase. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 11:

687-697.

Allen, S.D., Emery, C.L. and Siders, J.A. (1999) Clostridium. In: Murray, P.R., Baron,

E.J., Pfaller, M.A., Tenover, F.C. and Yolken, R.H. (Ed.), Manual of Clinical

Microbiology, 7th Ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C, pp. 654-

671.

Almatawah, Q. A., Cramp, R. and Cowan, D. A. (1999) Characterization of an inducible

nitrilase from a thermophilic Bacillus. Extremophiles 3: 283-291.

Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schaffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W. and

Lipman, D. J. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein

database search programs. Nucl. Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402.

American Public Health Association (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Waste Water, Eighteenth edition, pp. 4.18-4.24; 4.75-4.78. American Public

Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control

Federation, New York.

Andhale, M.S. and Hamde, V.S. (1996) Isolation and screening of acrylamide producing

microorganisms. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 34: 1005-1009.

Anonymous (2006) PERP Program - Acrylic acid. Report No. 04/05-6.

http://chemsystems.com/reports/search/docs/abstracts/0405_6_abs.pdf (Retrieved on 11

December 2009)


169

Anonymous (2010) Acrylic acid: 2010 World market outlook and forecast. The Market

Publishers Ltd, Birmingham, UK. http://marketpublishers.com/report/industry/

chemicals_petrochemicals/acrylic_acid_world_market_outlook_n_forecast.html

(Retrieved on 11 December 2009)

Asano, Y., Fujishiro, K., Tani, Y. and Yamada, H. (1982a) Aliphatic nitrile hydratase

from Arthrobacter sp. J-1; purification and characterization. Agric. Biol. Chem. 46: 1165-

1174.

Asano, Y., Tani, Y. and Yamada, H. (1980) A new enzyme ‘nitrile hydratase’ which

degrades acetonitrile in combination with amidase. Agric. Biol. Chem. 44: 2251-2252.

Asano, Y., Yasuda, T., Tani, Y. and Yamada, H. (1982b) A new enzymatic method of

acrylamide production. Agric. Biol. Chem. 46: 1183-1189.

Bandopadhayay, A., Nagasawa, T., Asano, Y., Fujishiro, K., Tani, Y. and Yamada, H.

(1986) Purification and characterization of benzonitrilase from Arthrobacter sp. J1. Appl.

Environ. Microbiol. 51: 302-306.

Banerjee, A., Kaul, P., Sharma, R. and Banerjee, U. C. (2003) A high-throughput

amenable colorimetric assay for enantioselective screening of nitrilase-producing

microorganisms using pH sensitive indicators. J. Biomol. Screen. 8: 559-565.

Banerjee, A., Sharma, R. and Banerjee, U.C. (2002) The nitrile-degrading enzymes:

current status and future prospects. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 33-44.

Banerjee, A., Kaul, P. and Banerjee, U. C. (2006) Enhancing the catalytic potential of

nitrilase from Pseudomonas putida for stereoselective nitrile hydrolysis. Appl Microbio

Biotechnol. 72: 77-87

Bartel, B. and Fink, G.R. (1994) Differential regulation of an auxin-producing nitrilase

gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 6649-6653.

Bartling, D., Seedorf, M., Schmidt, R.C. and Weiler, E.W. (1994) Molecular

characterization of two cloned nitrilases from Arabidopsis thaliana: key enzymes in


170

biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:

6021-6025.

Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C. and Turck, M. (1966) Antibiotic susceptibility

testing by a standardized single disc method. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 45: 493496

Bauer, R., Hirrlinger, B., Layh, N., Stolz, A. and Knackmuss, H.-J. (1994)

Enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic 2-phenylpropionitrile and other (R, S)-2-

arylpropionitriles by a new bacterial isolate, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain d3. Appl.

Microbiol. Biotechnol. 42: 1-7.

Berger. B., Raadt, de, A., Griengl, H., Hayden, Hechtberger, W.P., Klempier, N. and

Faber, K. (1992) Useful hydrolytic enzymes: Proteases, lipases and nitrilases. Pure Appl.

Chem. 64: 1085-1088.

Bhalla, T.C., Miura, A., Wakamoto, A., Ohba, Y. and Furuhashi, K. (1992) Asymmetric

hydrolysis of alpha aminonitriles to optically active amino acids by a nitrilase of

Rhodococcus rhodochrous PA-34. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37: 184-190.

Blakey, A.J., Colby, J., Williams, E. and O'Reilly, C. (1995) Regio-specific and stereo-

specific nitrile hydrolysis by the nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus AJ270. FEMS

Microbiol. Lett. 129: 57-61.

Bork, P. and Koonin, E.V. (1994) A new family of carbon-nitrogen hydrolases. Protein

Sci. 3: 184-190.

Bradford, M.M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of protein

using the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254.

Brandao, P.F.B., Clapp, J.P. and Bull, A.T. (2002) Diversity and taxonomy of

geographically diverse strains of nitrile-metabolising actinomycetes using chemometric

and molecular sequencing techniques. Environ. Microbiol. 4: 262-276.


171

Brennan, B.A., Cummings, J.G., Chase, D.B., Turner, I.M.J. and Nelson, M.J. (1996)

Resonance Raman spectroscopy of nitrile hydratase, a novel iron-sulfur enzyme.

Biochemistry 35: 10068-10077.

Brenner, C. (2002) Catalysis in the nitrilase superfamily. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 12:

775-782.

Brosius, J., Palmer, M.L., Kennedy, P.J. and Noller, H.F (1978) Complete nucleotide

sequence of a 16S ribosomal rRNA gene from Escherichia coli. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.

USA 75: 4801-4805.

Brown, L. (1979) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of acrylic

acid monomer in natural and polluted aqueous environments and polyacrylates. Analyst

104: 1165-1170.

Bui, K., Arnaud, A. and Galzy, P. (1982) A new method to prepare amides by

bioconversion of corresponding nitriles. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 4: 195-197.

Bunch, A.W. (1998) Biotransformation of nitriles by rhodococci. Antonie van

Leewenhoek 74: 89-97.

Burridge, A. (2002) Product profile: acrylic acid. European Chemical News 16-22

September 2002, Reed Business Information.

Butler-Roberts, E. and Eash, D.T. (2001) Determination of carboxylic acids in water-

soluble polyacrylates by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis with indirect

detection. J. Liquid Chrom. Rel. Technol. 24: 2101-2110.

Cheong, T. and Oriel, P. (2000) Cloning of a wide spectrum amidase from Bacillus

stearothermophilus BR 388 in E. coli and marked enhancement of amidase expression

using directed evolution. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 26: 152–158.

Christensen, W.B. (1946) Urea decomposition as a means of differentiating Proteus and

paracolon cultures from each other and from Salmonella and Shigella types. J. Bacteriol.

52: 461-466.


172

Christian, H.-J., Hollergeschwandner, C., Peitzsch, M., Ress-Loeschke, M., Hauer,B.,

Brandao, P.F., Bunch, A., Robinson, G., Bull, A.T. and Syldatk, C. (2001)

Modellgestützte Entwicklung eines Prozesses für die mikrobielle Hydrolyse von

Propionitril zu Ammoniumpropionat. In: 5th Int. Symposium on Biocatalysis and

Biotransformation, Darmstadt, pp. 140.

Ciskainik, L., Wilczek, J. and Fallon, R. (1995) Purification and characterization of an

enantioselective amidase from Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 61: 998-1003.

Claire, R.L.St. (2000) Positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

coupled to ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography with a phosphate buffer

for the quantitative analysis of intracellular nucleotides. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.

14: 1625–1634.

Commeyras, A., Taillades J., Collet H., Bioteau, L., Vandenabeele-Trambouze, O.,

Pascal, R., Rousset, A., Garrel L., Rossi, J.-C., Biron, J.-P., Lagrille, O., Plasson, R.,

Souaid, E., Danger, G., Selsis, F., Dobrijevic, M. and Martin, H. (2004) Dynamic co-

evolution of peptides and chemical energetics, a gateway to the emergence of

homochirality and the catalytic activity of peptides. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 34: 35–55.

Conn, E.E. (1981) Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides. In: Vennesland, B., Conn,

E.E., Knowles, C.J., Westley, J. and Wissing, F. (Eds.) Cyanide in Biology. Academic

Press, London, pp. 183-196.

Cooling, F.B., Fager, S.K., Fallon, R.D., Folsom, P.W., Gallagher, F.G., Gavagan, J.E.,

Hann, E.C., Herkes, F.E., Phillips, R.L., Sigmund, A., Wagner, L.W., Wu, W. and

DiCosimo, R. (2001) Chemoenzymatic production of 1,5-dimethyl-2-piperidone. J. Mol.

Catal. B: Enzym. 11: 295-306.

Cowan, D., Cramp, R., Pereira, R., Graham, D. and Almatawah, Q. (1998) Biochemistry

and biotechnology of mesophilic and thermophilic nitrile metabolizing enzymes.

Extremophiles 2: 207-216.


173

Craciun, L., Benn, G.P., Dewing, J., Schriver, G.W., Peer, W.J., Siebenhaar, B. and

Siegrist, U. (2005) Preparation of acrylic acid derivatives from alpha or beta-hydroxy

carboxylic acids. WO2005095320.

Cramp, R. and Cowan, D.A. (1999) Molecular characterization of a novel thermophilic

nitrile hydratase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1431: 249-260.

Cramp, R., Gilmour M and Cowan, D. A. (1997) Novel thermophilic bacteria producing

nitrile-degrading enzymes. Microbiology 143: 2313-2320.

Crosby, J., Moilliet, J., Parratt, J. S. and Turner, N. J. (1994) Regioselective hydrolysis of

aromatic dinitriles using a whole cell catalyst. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I: 1679-1687.

Czernecki, F., Franco, S. and Valery, J.-M. (1997) Further Study toward Amipurimycin:

Synthesis of the Northern Part. J. Org. Chem. 62: 4845-4847.

Dadd, M.R., Sharp, D.C.A., Pettman, A.J. and Knowles, C.J. (2000) Real-time

monitoring of nitrile biotransformations by mid-infrared spectroscopy. J. Microbiol.

Methods 41: 69-75.

Dadd, M.R., Claridge, T.D.W., Walton, R., Pettman A.J., Knowles C.J. (2001) Regioselective biotransformation of the dinitrile compounds 2-, 3- and 4-(cyanomethyl)

benzonitrile by the soil bacterium Rhodococcus rhodochrous LL100-21. Enzyme Microb.

Technol., 29: 20-27.

Danner, H., Ürmös, M., Gartner, M. and Braun, R. (1998) Biotechnological production of

acrylic acid out of biomass. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 70–72: 887-894.

Davies, S.G., Ichihara, O., Lenoir, I. and Walters, I.A.S. (1994) Asymmetricsynthesis of

(-)-(1R,2S)-cispentacin and related cis-2-amino and trans-2-amino cyclopentane-1-

carboxylic and cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acids. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 1411-

1415.

Davies, S.G., Smyth, G.D. and Chippindale, A.M. (1999) Syntheses of derivatives of L-

daunosamine and its C-3 epimer employing as the key step the asymmetric conjugate


174

addition of a homochiral lithium amide to tert-butyl (E,E)-hexa-2,4-dienoate. J. Chem.

Soc. Perkin Trans. 1: 3089-3104.

De Raadt, A., Klempier, N., Yokoyama, M. and Ohta, H. (1992) Chemoselective

enzymatic hydrolysis of aliphatic and alicyclic nitriles. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I:

137-140.

Demirer, G.N. and Speece, R.E. (1999) Inhibitory effects and biotransformation of

acrylic acid in computer-controlled pH-stat CSTRs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 62: 200-207.

DeSantis, G., Wong, K., Farwell, B., Kretz, K.A., Robertson, D. and Burk, M.J. (2005)

Abstract J. Short, 229th ACS National Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, March 13-17,

2005.

DeSantis, G., Zhu, Z., Greenberg, W.A., Wong, K., Chaplin, J., Hanson, S.R., Farwell,

B., Nicholson, L.W., Rand, C.L., Weiner, D.P., Robertson, D.E. and Burk, M.J. (2002)

An enzyme library approach to biocatalysis: development of nitrilases for

enantioselective production of carboxylic acid derivatives. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124: 9024-

9025.

Dhillon, J., Chatre, S., Shanker, R. and Shivaraman, N. (1999) Transformation of

aliphatic and aromatic nitriles by a nitrilase from Pseudomonas sp. Can. J. Microbiol. 45:

811-815.

Doelle, H.W. (Ed.) (1969) Bacterial Metabolism. Academic Press, London, pp. 240-246.

Domínguez de María, P., Carboni-Oerlemans, C., Tuin, B., Bargeman, G., van der Meer,

A. and van Gemert, R. (2005) Biotechnological applications of Candida antarctica lipase

A: State-of-the-art. J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 37: 36-46.

Donberg, P.A., Odelson, D.A., Klecka, G.M. and Markham, D.A. (1992) Biodegradation

of acrylonitrile in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11: 1583–1594.

Dubey, S.K. and Holmes, D.S. (1995) Biological cyanide destruction mediated

microorganisms. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11: 257-265.


175

Dufour, É., Storer, A. C. and Ménard, R. (1995) Engineering nitrile hydratase activity

into a cysteine protease by a single mutation. Biochemistry 34: 16382-16388.

Dufour, É., Tam, W., Nägler, D. K., Storer, A.C. and Ménard, R. (1998) Synthesis of

amidrazones using an engineered papain nitrile hydratase. FEBS Lett. 433: 78-82.

Effenberger, F. and Böhme, J. (1994) Enzyme-catalysed enantioselective hydrolysis of

racemic naproxen nitrile. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2: 715-721

Effenberger, F. and Osswald, S. (2001) Selective hydrolysis of aliphatic dinitriles to

monocarboxylic acids by a nitrilase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Synthesis 12: 1866-1872.

Endo, I. and Watanabe, I. (1989) Nitrile hydratase of Rhodococcus sp. N-774:

Purification and characterization. FEBS Lett. 243: 61-64.

Ewing, W. H. (1986) Edwards and Ewing’s Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 4th Ed.,

Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc. New York, NY.

Faber, K. (1995) Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry, 6th edition Springer-Verlag,

Berlin.

Fallon, R., Stieglitz, B. and Turner, I. (1997) A Pseudomonas putida capable of

stereoselective hydrolysis of nitriles. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 47:156-161.

Fawcett, J.K. and Scott, J.E. (1960) A rapid and precise method for the determination of

urea. J. Clin. Pathol. 13: 156-159.

Fischer, C.H., Ratchford, W.P. and Smith, L.T. (1944) Methyl acrylate production by

pyrolysis of methyl acetoxypropionate. Ind. Eng. Chem. 36: 229-234.

Forbes, B.A., Sahm, A.S. and Weissfeld, D.F. (1998) Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic

Microbiology, 10th Ed., Mosby, Inc., St. Louis, MO.

Gaby, W.L. and Hadley, C. (1957) Practical laboratory test for the identification of

Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 74: 356-358.


176

Garcia, M.C. (2005) The effect of the mobile phase additives on sensitivity in the

analysis of peptides and proteins by high-performance liquid chromatography–

electrospray mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B 825:111-123.

Garner, P. and Ramakanth, S. (1986) Stereodivergent syntheses of threo- and erythro-6-

amino-6-deoxyheptosulose derivatives via an optically active oxazolidine aldehyde. J.

Org. Chem. 51: 2609-2612.

Gavagan, J.E., DiCosimo, R., Eisenberg, A., Fager, S.K., Folsom, P.W., Hann, E.C.,

Schneider, K.J. and Fallon, R.D. (1999) A Gram-negative bacterium producing a heat-

stable nitrilase highly active on aliphatic dintriles. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 52: 654-

659.

Gavagan, J.E., Fager, S.K., Fallon, R.D., Folsom, P.W., Herkes, F.E., Eisenberg, A.,

Hann, E.C. and DiCosimo, R. (1998) Chemoenzymic production of lactams from

aliphatic α,ω-dinitriles. J. Org. Chem. 63: 4792-4801.

Goddard, J.-P. and Reymond, J.-L. (2004) Enzyme assays for high-throughput screening.

Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15: 314-322.

Goldlust, A. and Bohak, Z. (1989) Induction, purification and characterization of the

nitrilase of Fusarium oxysporum. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 11: 581-601.

Gordon, J. and McLeod, J.W. (1928) The practical application of the direct oxidase

reaction in bacteriology. J Pathol Bacteriol. 31: 185-190.

Goto, C.E., Barbosa, E.P., Kistner, L.C.L., Moreira, F.G., Lenartoviez, V. and Peralta,

R.M. (1998) Production of amylase by Aspergillus fumigatus utilizing a-methyl d-

glucoside, a synthetic analog of maltose as substrate. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 167: 139-

143.

Gradley, M.L., Deverson, C.J.F. and Knowles, C.J. (1994) Asymmetric hydrolysis of R-

(–),S(+)-2-methylbutyronitrile by Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB 11216. Arch.

Microbiol. 161: 246-251.


177

Gunter, G.C., Langford, R.H., Jackson, J.E. and Miller, D.J. (1995) Catalysts and

supports for conversion of lactic acid to acrylic acid and 2,3-pentanedione. Ind. Eng.

Chem. Res. 34: 974-980.

Hann, E.C., Sigmund, A.E., Fager, S.K., Cooling, F.B., Gavagan, J.E., Bramucci, M.G.,

Chauhan, S., Payne, M.S. and DiCosimo, R. (2004) Regioselective biocatalytic

hydrolysis of (E,Z)-2-methyl-2-butenenitrile for production of (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoic

acid. Tetrahedron 60: 577-581.

Hann, E.C., Sigmund, A.E., Fager, S.K., Cooling, F.B., Gavagan, J.E., Ben-Bassat, A.,

Chauhan, S., Payne, M.S., Hennessey, S.M. and DiCosimo, R. (2003) Biocatalytic

hydrolysis of 3-hydroxyalkanenitriles to 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids. Adv. Synth. Catal. 345:

775-782.

Hann, E.C., Sigmund, A.E., Hennessey, S.M., Gavagan, J.E., Short, D.R., Ben-Bassat,

A., Chauhan, S., Fallon, R.D., Payne, M.S. and DiCosimo, R. (2002) Optimization of an

immobilized-cell biocatalyst for production of 4-cyanopentanoic acid. Org. Process Res.

Dev. 6: 492-496.

Harper, D.B. (1977a) Fungal degradation of aromatic nitriles. Enzymology of C-N

cleavage by Fusarium solani.Biochem. J. 167: 685-692.

Harper, D.B. (1977b) Microbial metabolism of aromatic nitriles. Enzymology of C-N

cleavage by Nocardia sp.(Rhodochrous group) NCIB 11216. Biochem. J. 165: 309-319.

Harper, D.B. (1985) Characterization of a nitrilase from Nocardia sp. (Rhodochrous

group) NCIB 11215, using p-hydroxybenzonitrile as sole carbon source. Int. J. Biochem.

17: 677-683.

Harrop, T.C. and Mascharak, P.K. (2004) Fe(III) and Co(III) centers with carboxamido

nitrogen and modified sulfur coordination: lessons learned from nitrile hydratase. Acc.

Chem. Res. 37: 253-260.

Hashi, Y., Yao, J-G., Li, Y-Q., Liu, Yand Lin, J-M. (2008) On-line sample treatment LC

system for MS compatibility. Chromatographia. 67:773–776.


178

Hashimoto, Y., Endo, T., Tamura, K., and Hirata, Y. (1996) Process for producing

optically active α-hydroxycarboxylic acid having phenyl group using Gordonia terrae.

US Patent 5580765.

Haslam, E. (1980) Recent developments in methods for the esterification and protection

of the carboxyl group. Tetrahedron 36: 2409-2433.

Heald, S.C., Brandao, P.F., Hardicre, R. and Bull, A.T. (2001) Physiology, biochemistry

and taxonomy of deep-sea nitrile metabolising Rhodoccocus strains. Antonie Van

Leeuwenhoek 80: 169-183.

Hirrlinger, B., Stolz, A. and Knackmuss, H.-J. (1996) Purification and characterization of

an amidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis MP 50 which enantioselectively hydrolyzes

2-arylpropionamides. J. Bacteriol. 178: 3501-3507.

Hjort, C.M., Godtferedson, S.E. and Emborg, C. (1990) Isolation and characterisation of

a nitrile hydratase from a Rhodococcus sp. J. Chem. Technol.Biotechnol. 48: 217-226.

Holt, J.G., Krieg, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Staley, J.T. and Williams, S.T. (1994)

Nocardioform actinomycetes. In: Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Ninth

edition, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 625-650.

Hook, R. H and Robinson, W. G. (1964) Ricinine nitrilase. II. Purification and properties.

J. Biol. Chem. 239: 4263-4267.

Hourai, S., Ishii, T., Miki, M., Takashima, Y., Mitsuda, S. and Yanagi, K. (2005)

Cloning, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of nitrile

hydratase from the themophilic Bacillus smithii SC-J05-1. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F 61:

974-977.

Hourai, S., Miki, M., Takashima, Y., Mitsuda, S. and Yanagi, K. (2003) Crystal structure

of nitrile hydratase from a thermophilic Bacillus smithii. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.

312: 340-345.


179

Hoyle, A.J., Bunch, A.W. and Knowles, C.J. (1998) The nitrilases of Rhodococcus

rhodochrous NCIMB 11216. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 23: 475-482.

Hu, J.G., Wang, Y.G. and Shen, Y.C. (2007) Isolation of glycolonitrile-hydrolysing

microorganism based on colorimetric reaction. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 41: 244-249.

Hughes, J., Armitage, Y.C. and Symes, K.C. (1998) Application of whole cell

rhodococcal biocatalysts in acrylic polymer manufacture Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74:

107-118.

Hwang, J.S. and Chang, H. N. (1989) Biotransformation of acrylonitrile to acrylamide

using immobilized whole cells of Brevibacterium CH1 in a recycle fed-batch reactor.

Biotechnol. Bioeng. 34: 380-386.

Isenberg, H.D. (Ed.) (2004) Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. American

Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.

Jabbari, E., Tavakoli, J. and Sarvestani, A.S. (2007) Swelling characteristics of acrylic

acid polyelectrolyte hydrogel in a DC electric field. Smart Mater. Struct. 16: 1614-1620.

Jallageas, J.C, Arnaud, A. and Galzy, P. (1980) Bioconversion of nitriles and their

applications. Adv. Biochem. Eng. 14: 1-32.

Kaplan, O., Nikolaou, K., Pisvejcova, A. and Martinkova, L. (2006) Hydrolysis of

nitriles and amides by filamentous fungi. Enzyme Microb. Technol 38: 260-264.

Kashiwagi, M., Fuhshuku, K.-I. and Sugai, T. (2004) Control of the nitrile hydrolyzing

enzyme activity in Rhodococcus rhodochrous IFO 15564: preferential action of nitrile

hydratase and amidase depending on the reaction condition factors and its application to

the one-pot preparation of amides from aldehydes. J. Mol. Cat. B: Enzym. 29: 249-258.

Kato, Y., Nakamura, K., Sakiyama, H., Mayhew, S.G. and Asano Y. (2000) Novel heme-

containing lyase, phenylacetaldoxime dehydratase from Bacillus sp. strain OxB-1:

purification, characterization, and molecular cloning of the gene. Biochemistry 39: 800-

809.


180

Kato, Y., Ooi, R. and Asano, Y. (1998) Isolation and characterization of a bacterium

possessing a novel aldoxime-dehydration activity and nitrile-degrading enzymes. Arch.

Microbiol. 170: 85-90.

Kato, Y., Tsuda, T. and Asano, Y. (1999) Nitrile hydratase involved in aldoxime

metabolism from Rhodococcus sp.strain YH3-3: purification and characterization. Eur. J.

Biochem. 263: 662-670.

Kaul, P., Banerjee, A., Mayilraj, S. and Banerjee, U.C. (2004) Screening for

enantioselective nitrilases: kinetic resolution of racemic mandelonitrile to (R)-(–)-

mandelic acid by new bacterial isolates. Tetrahedron: Asymm. 15: 207-211.

Kazlauskas, R. (2004) Integrating biocatalysis into organic synthesis. Tetrahedron:

Asymm. 15: 2727-2728.

Kennedy, M., Krouse D (1999) Strategies for improving fermentation medium

performance: a review. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23: 456-475.

Khachadurian, A., Knox, W., and Cullen, A. (1960) Calorimetric ninhydrin method for

total alpha amino acids of urine. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 56: 321-322.

Khandelwal, A.K., Nigam, V.K., Choudary, B., Mohan, M.K and Ghosh, P (2007)

Optimization of nitrilase production from a new thermophilic isolate. J. Chem. Technol.

Biotechnol. 82: 646-651.

Kiener, A. (1993) Microbiological Process for the production of 6-hydroxynicotinic acid.

US Patent 5264362.

Kiener, A., Roduit, J.-P. and Gloeckler, R. (1997) Microbiological Process for the

Preparation of Heteroaromatic Carboxilic acids using Alkaligenes faecalis. US Patent

5702930.

Kieny-L’ Homme, M., Arnaud, A. and Glazy, P. (1981) Elude d’une l-alfa-aminoamidase

particulaire de Brevibacerium sp. en vue de l’obtention d’acids alfa-amines optiquement

actifs. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 307-311.


181

Knapp, J.S. and Clark, V.L. (1984) Anaerobic growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae coupled

to nitrite reduction. Infect. Immun. 46: 176-181.

Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S. (1994) Versatile nitrilases: Nitrile-hydrolyzing enzymes.

FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 120: 217-224.

Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S. (1998) Metalloenzyme nitrile hydratase: structure,

regulation, and application to biotechnology. Nature Biotechnol. 16: 733-736.

Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S. (2000) Nitrile hydrolases. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 4: 95-

102.

Kobayashi, M., Fujiwara, Y., Goda, M., Komeda, H. and Shimizu, S. (1997)

Identification of active sites in amindase: evolutionary relationship between amide-bond

and peptide bond-cleaving enzymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 11986-11991.

Kobayashi, M., Goda, M. and Shimizu, S. (1998) Nitrilase catalyzes amide hydrolysis as

well as nitrile hydrolysis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253: 662-666.

Kobayashi, M., Izui, H., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1993b) Nitrilase in biosynthesis

of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid from indole-3-acetonitrile: cloning of the

Alcaligenes gene and site directed mutagenesis of cysteine residues. Proc. Natl. Acad.

Sci. USA 90: 247-251.

Kobayashi, M., Komeda, H., Nagasawa, T., Nishiyama, M., Horinouchi, S., Beepu, T.,

Yamada, H. and Shimizu, S. (1993a) Amidase coupled with low-molecular-mass nitrile

hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. Sequencing and expression of the gene and

purification and characterization of the gene product. Eur. J. Biochem. 217: 327-336.

Kobayashi, M., Komeda, H., Yanaka, N., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1992b)

Nitrilase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1: sequencing and overexpression of the gene

and identification of an essential cysteine residue. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 20746-20751.

Kobayashi, M., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1989) Nitrilase of Rhodococcus

rhodochrous J1: Purification and characterization. Eur. J. Biochem. 182: 349-356.


182

Kobayashi, M., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1992a) Enzymatic synthesis of

crylamide: a success story not yet over. Trends Biotechnol. 10: 402-408.

Kobayashi, M., Suzuki, T., Fujita, T., Masuda, M. and Shimizu, S. (1995) Occurrence of

enzymes involved in biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid from indole-3-acetonitrile in

plant-associated bacteria, Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:

714-718.

Kobayashi, M., Yanaka, N., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1990) Purification and

characterization of a novel nitrilase of Rhodococcus rhodochrous K22 that acts on

aliphatic nitriles. J. Bacteriol. 172: 4809-4815.

Kobayashi, M., Yanaka, N., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1992c) Primary structure of

an aliphatic nitrile-degrading enzyme, aliphatic nitrilase, from Rhodococcus rhodochrous

K22 and expression of its gene and identification of its active site. Biochemistry 31:

9000-9007.

Komeda, H. and Asano, Y. (2000) Gene cloning, nucleotide sequencing, and purification

and characterization of the D-stereospecific amino acid amidase from Ochrobactrum

anthropi SV3. Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 2028-2035.

Komeda, H., Hori, Y., Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S. (1996a) Nitrilase catalyzes amide

hydrolysis as well as nitrile hydrolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 10572-10577.

Komeda, H., Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S. (1996b) Characterization of the gene cluster

of high-molecular-mass nitrile hydratase (H-NHase) induced by its reaction product in

Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 4267-4272.

Komeda, H., Kobayashi, M. and Shimizu, S. (1996c) A novel gene cluster including the

Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 nhlBA genes encoding a low molecular mass nitrile

hydratase (L-NHase) induced by its reaction product. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 15796-15802.

Komora, L., Macho, V., Sojka, P., Polievka, M. and Palaczka, E. (1972) Verfahren zur

Herstellung der α-hydroxysäure, α,β-ungesättigter säuren und/oder ihrer derivate. DE

Patent 2144304 (In German).


183

Koser, S.A. (1924) Correlation of citrate utilization by members of the colon-aerogenes

group with other differential characteristics and with habitat. J. Bacteriol. 9: 59-77.

Kotlova, E., Chestukhina, G., Astaurova, O., Leonova, T., Yanenko, A. and Debabov, V.

(1999) Isolation and primary characterization of an amidase from Rhodococcus

rhodochrous M8. Biochemistry 64: 384-389.

Kovacs, J. A. (2004) Synthetic analogues of cysteinate-ligated non-heme iron and non-

corrinoid cobalt enzymes. Chem. Rev. 104: 825-848.

Kovacs, N. (1956) Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanea by the oxidase reaction.

Nature. 178: 703-703.

Krishna Prasad, K., Venkata Mohan, S., Sreenivas Rao, R., Pati, B.R. and Sarma, P.N.

(2005) Laccase production by Pleurotus ostreatus 1804: Optimization of submerged

culture conditions by Taguchi DOE methodology. Biochem. Eng. J. 24: 17-26.

Kruse, J.M. and Mellon, M.G. (1953) Colorimetric determination of cyanide and

thiocyanate. Anal. Chem. 25: 1188-1192.

Kumar, C.G. and Takagi, H. (1999) Microbial alkaline proteases: From a bioindustrial

viewpoint. Biotechnol Adv.17: 561-594.

Kurland, J.J. and Bryant, D.B. (1987) Shipboard polymerization of acrylic acid. Plant

Operations Progr. 6: 203-207.

Langdahl, B.R., Bisp, P. and Ingvorsen, K. (1996) Nitrile hydrolysis by Rhodococcus

erythropolis BL1, an acetonitrile-tolerant strain isolated from marine sediment.

Microbiology 142: 145-154.

Layh, N, Parratt J, Willetts, A. (1998) Characterization and partial purification of an

enantioselective arylacetonitrilase from Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM 7155. J. Mol.

Catal. B 5: 467-474.


184

Layh, N., Hirlrlinger, B., Stolz, A. and Knackmuss, H.-J. (1997) Enrichment strategies

for nitrile-hydrolysing bacteria. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 47: 668-674.

Layh, N., Stoltz, A., Böhme, J., Effenberger, F. and Knackmuss, H.-J. (1994)

Enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic naproxen nitrile and naproxen amide to S-

naproxen by new bacterial isolates. J. Biotechnol. 33: 175-182.

Layh, N., Stolz, A., Forster, S., Effenberger,F. and Knackmuss, H.-J. (1992)

Enantioselective hydolysis of O-acetylmandelonitrile to O-acetylmandelic acid by

bacterial nitrilases. Arch. Microbiol. 158: 405-411.

Levy-Schil, S., Soubrier, F., Crutz-Le Coq, A.M., Faucher, D., Crouzer, J. and Petre, D.

(1995) Aliphatic nitrilase from a soil isolated Comamonas testosteroni sp.: gene cloning

and overexpression, purification and primary structure. Gene 161: 15-20.

Liu, J., Liu, C. and Lin, C. (1997) The role of nitrogenase in a cyanide degrading

Klebsiella oxytoca strain. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China 21: 37-42.

Lunelli, B.H., Duarte, E.R., Vasco de Toledo, E.C., Wolf Maciel, M.R. and Filho, R.M.

(2007) A new process for acrylic acid synthesis by fermentative process. Appl. Biochem.

Biotechnol. 137-140: 487-499.

MacFaddin (1985) Media for Isolation-Cultivation-Identification-Maintenance of

Medical Bacteria, 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

MacFaddin, J.F. (Ed.) (2000) Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria.

3rd ed. Williams and Wilkins. p. 363-367.

Mahalakshmi, Y., Sathish, T. and Prakasham, R.S. (2009) Development of balanced

medium composition for improved rifamycin B production by isolated Amycolatopsis sp.

RSP-3. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 49: 533-538.

Maier-Greiner, U.H., Obermaier-Skrobranek, B.M.M., Estermaier, L.M., Kammerloher,

W., Freund, C., Wülfing, C., Burkert, U.I., Matern, D.H., Breuer, M., Eulitz, M.,

Küfrevioglu, Ö.I. and Hartmann, G.R. (1991) Isolation and properties of a nitrile


185

hydratase from the soil fungus Myrothecium verrucaria that is highly specific for the

fertilizer cyanamide and cloning of its gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4260-4264.

Mana, H. and Spohn, U. (2000) Rapid and selective determination of ammonia by

fluorimetric flow injection analysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 366: 825-829.

Mark, H.F., Gaylord, G.N. and Bikales, N.M. (1962) Acrylamide. Encyclopedia of

Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 1, Interscience Publishers, pp. 177-195.

Martinkova, L. and Kren, V. (2002) Nitrile- and amide-converting microbial enzymes:

stereo-, regio- and chemoselectivity. Biocatal. Biotransform. 20: 73-93.

Martinkova, L. and Mylerova, V. (2003) Synthetic applications of nitrile-converting

enzymes. Curr. Org. Chem. 7: 1279-1296.

Martinkova, L., Vejvoda, V. and Kren, V. (2008) Selection and screening for enzymes of

nitrile metabolism. J.Biotechnol. 133: 318-326.

Martinkova, L., Vejvoda, V., Kaplan, O., Kubac, D., Malandra, A., Cantarella, M.,

Bezouska, K. and Kren, V. (2009) Fungal nitrilases as biocatalysts: Recent developments.

Biotechnol. Adv. 27: 661-670.

Mathew, C.D., Nagasawa, T., Kobayashi, M. and Yamada, H. (1988) Nitrilase-catalyzed

production of nicotinic acid from 3-cyanopyridine in Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. Appl.


Mayaux, J.F., Cerbelaud, E., Soubrier, F., Faucher, D. and Petre, D. (1990) Purification,

cloning, and primary structure of an enantiomer-selective amidase fromBrevibacterium

sp. strain R312 - structural evidence for genetic coupling with nitrile hydratase. J.

Bacteriol. 172: 6764-6773.

Mayaux, J., Cerbelaud, E., Soubrier, F., Yeh, P., Blanche, F. and Petre, D. (1991)

Purification, cloning and primary structure of a new enantioselective amidase from a

Rhodococcus strain: structural evidence for a conserved genetic coupling with nitrile

hydratase. J. Bacteriol. 173: 6694-6704.


186

McLean, R.A. and Anderson, V.L. (1984) Applied Fractional Factorial Designs, Marcel

Dekker, New York.

Meth-Cohn, O. and Wang, M.-X. (1997) An in-depth study of the biotransformation of

nitriles into amides and/or acids using Rhodococcus rhodochrous AJ270. J. Chem. Soc.

Perkin Trans. 1, 1099-1104.

Morkeberg, R., Carlsen, M. and Neilsen, J. (1995) Induction and repression of α-amylase

production in batch and continuous cultures of Aspergillus oryzae. Microbiology 141:

2449-2454.

Mukherjee, C., Zhu, D., Biehl, E.R. and Hua, L. (2006) Exploring the synthetic

applicability of a cyanobacterium nitrilase as catalyst for nitrile hydrolysis. Eur. J. Org.

Chem. 23: 5238-5242.

Murray, P.R., Baron, E.J., Pfaller, M.A., Tenover, F.C. and Yolken, R.H. (Eds.) (1995)

Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 6th Ed. American Society for Microbiology,

Washington, D.C.

Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1995) Interrelations of chemistry and biotechnology-VI.

Microbial production of commodity chemicals. Pure Appl. Chem. 67: 1241-1256.

Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1989) Microbial transformation of nitriles. Trends


Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1990) Characterization of a new cobalt-containing nitrile

hydratase purified from urea-induced cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. In:

Abramowicz, D.A. (Ed.) Biocatalysis. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, pp. 277-318.

Nagasawa, T., Mathew, C.D., Mauger, J. and Yamada, H. (1988) Nitrile hydratase-

catalyzed production of nicotinamide from 3-cyanopyridine in Rhodococcus rhodochrous

J1. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1766-1769.


187

Nagasawa, T., Mauger, J. and Yamada, H. (1990a) A novel nitrilase, arylacetonitrilase, of

Alcaligenes faecalis JM3. Purification and characterization. Eur. J. Biochem. 194: 765-

772.

Nagasawa, T., Nakamura, T. and Yamada, H. (1990b) Production of acrylic acid and

methacrylic acid using Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 nitrilase. Appl. Microbiol.


Nagasawa, T., Nanba, H., Ryuno, K., Takeuchi, K. and Yamada, H. (1987) Nitrile

hydratase of Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23: purification and characterization. Eur. J.

Biochem. 162: 691-698.

Nagasawa, T., Ryuno, K. and Yamada, H. (1986) Nitrile hydratase of Brevibacterium

R312: purification and characterization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 139: 1305-

1312.

Nagasawa, T., Shimizu, H. and Yamada, H. (1993) The superiority of the third-

generation catalyst, Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 nitrile hydratase, for industrial

production of acrylamide. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40: 189-195.

Nagasawa, T., Wieser, M., Nakamura, T., Iwahara, H., Yoshida, T. and Gekko, K. (2000)

Nitrilase of Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1. Conversion into the active form by subunit

association. Eur. J. Biochem. 267: 138-144.

Nagashima, S., Nakasako, M., Dohmae, N., Tsujimura, M., Takio, K., Odaka, M., Yohda,

M., Kamiya, N. and Endo, I. (1998) Novel non-heme iron center of nitrile hydratase with

a claw setting of oxygen atoms. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5: 347-351.

Nakai, K., Watanabe, I., Sato, Y., and Enomoto, K. (1988) Development of acrylamide

manufacturing process using microorganisms. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi 62: 1443-

1450.

Nawaz, M., Khan, A., Bhattachaarya, D., Sittoneu, P. and Cerniglia, C. (1994)

Purification and characterization of an amidase from an acrylamide-degrading

Rhodococcus sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 60: 3343-3348.


188

Nawaz, M., Khan, A., Bhattacharya, D., Sittoneu, P. and Cerniglia, C. (1996) Physical,

biochemical and immunological characterization of a thermostable amidase from

Klebsiella pneumonia NCTR 1. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2397-2401.

Neumüller, R. (2002) Selection, purification, characterization, and cloning of a novel

heat-stable stereo-specific amidase from Klebsiella oxytoca, and its application in the

synthesis of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-

methylpropionic acids and (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide. Org.

Process Res. Dev. 6: 497-504.

Normanly, J., Grisafi, P., Fink, G.R. and Bartel, B. (1997) Arabidopsis mutants resistant

to the auxin effects of indole-3-acetonitrile are defective in the nitrilase encoded by the

NIT1 gene. Plant Cell 9: 1781-1790.

Novo, C., Tata, R., Clemente, A. and Brown, P.R. (1995) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

aliphatic amidase is related to the nitrilase/cyanide hydratase enzyme family and Cys166

is predicted to be the active site nucleophile of the catalytic mechanism. FEBS Lett. 367:

275-279.

Okamoto, S. and Eltis, L.D. (2007) Purification and characterization of a novel nitrile

hydratase from Rhodococcus sp. RHA1. Mol. Microbiol. 65: 828-838.

O'Reilly, C. and Turner, P.D. (2003) The nitrilase family of CN hydrolyzing enzymes - a

comparative study. J. Appl. Microbiol. 95: 1161-1174.

Pace, H.C. and Brenner, C. (2001) The nitrilase superfamily: classification, structure and

function. Genome Biol. 2: 1.1-1.9.

Pal, K., Banthia, A.K. and Majumdar, D.K. (2005) Esterification of carboxymethyl

cellulose with acrylic acid for targeted drug delivery systems. Trends Biomater. Artif.

Organs 19: 12-14.

Paparizos, C., Shaw, W.G. and Dolhyj, S.R. (1985) Catalytic conversion of lactic acid

and ammonium lactate to acrylic acid. EP Patent 181718.


189

Park, W.J., Kriechbaumer, V., Muller, A., Piotrowski, M., Meeley, R.B., Gierl, A. and

Glawischnig, E. (2003) The nitrilase ZmNIT2 converts indole-3-acetonitrile to indole-3-

acetic acid. Plant Physiol. 133: 794-802.

Patricelli, M. P. and Cravatt, B. F. (2000) Clarifying the catalytic roles of conserved

residues in the amidase signature family. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 19177-19184.

Pazlarova, J. and Votruba, J. (1996) Use of zeolite to control ammonium in Bacillus

amyloliquefaciens α-amylase fermentations. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 45: 314-318.

Pekarsky, Y., Campiglio, M., Siprashvili, Z., Druck, T., Sedkov, Y., Tillib, S.,

Draganescu, A., Wermuth, P., Rothman, J., Huebner, K., Buchberg, A.M., Mazo, A.,

Brenner, C. and Croce, C.M. (1998) Nitrilase and Fhit homologs are encoded as fusion

proteins in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.

USA 95: 8744-8749.

Pereira, R., Graham, D., Rainey, F. and Cowan, D. (1998) A novel thermostable nitrile

hydratase. Extremophiles 2: 347-357.

Petrillo, K.L., Wu, S., Hann, E.C., Cooling, F.B., Ben-Bassat, A., Gavagan, J.E.,

DiCosimo, R. and Payne, M.S. (2005) Over-expression in Escherichia coli of a thermally

stable and regio-selective nitrile hydratase from Comamonas testosteroni 5-MGAM-4D.

Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 67: 664-670.

Phadke, M.S. and Dehnad, K. (1988) Optimization of product and process design for

quality and cost. Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. 4: 159-169.

Piotrowski, M., Schonfelder, S., Weiler, E.W. (2001) The Arabidopsis thaliana isogene

NIT4 and its orthologs in tobacco encode beta-cyano-L-alanine hydratase/nitrilase J.

Biol. Chem. 276: 2616-2621.

Pollmann, S., Muller, A., Piotrowski, M. and Weiler, E.W. (2002) Occurrence and

formation of indole-3-acetamide in Arabidopsis thaliana. Planta 216: 155-161.


190

Prakasham, R.S., Sreenivas Rao, R. and Hobbs, P.J. (2009) Current trends in

biotechnological production of xylitol and future prospects. Curr. Trends Biotechnol.

Pharm. 3: 8–36.

Prakasham, R.S., Subba Rao, C.H., Rao, R.S. and Sarma, P.N. (2007) L-Asparaginase

production by isolated Staphylococcus sp. – 6A: design of experiment considering

interaction effect for process parameters optimization. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102: 1382–

1391.

Prakasham, R.S., Subba Rao, Ch., Sreenivas Rao, R., Rajesham, S. and Sarma, P.N.

(2005) Optimization of alkaline protease production by Bacillus sp. using Taguchi

methodology. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 120: 133-144.

Preiml, M., Hönig, H. and Klempier, N. (2004) Biotransformation of β-amino nitriles: the

role of the N-protecting group. J. Mol. Biocat. B: Enzym. 29: 115-121.

Prepechalová, I., Martínková, L., Stoltz, A., Ovesná, M., Bezouska, K., Kopecký, J. and

Kren, V. (2001) Purification and characterization of the enantioselective nitrile hydratase

from Rhodococcus equi A4. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 55: 150-156.

Puri, S., Beg, Q.K. and Gupta, R. (2002) Optimization of alkaline protease production

from Bacillus sp. using response surface methodology. Curr. Microbiol. 44: 286-290.

Ramakrishna, C. and Desai, J.D. (1993) Bioconversion of acrylonitrile to acrylamide by

Arthrobacter sp. IPCB-3. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 31: 173-177.

Ratchford, W.P. and Fisher, C.H. (1945) Methyl acrylate by pyrolysis of methyl

acetoxypropionate. Ind. Eng. Chem. 37: 382-387.

Rausch, T. and Hilgenberg, W. (1980) Partial purification of nitrilase from Chinese

cabbage. Phytochemistry 19: 747-751.

Rawlings, N.D. and Barrett, A.J. (2000) MEROPS: the peptidase database. Nucleic Acids

Res. 28: 323-325.


191

Redmon, B.C. (1949) Preparation of acrylic acid. US Patent 2469701.

Rezende, R., Dias, J., Ferraz, V. and Linardi, V. (2000) Metabolism of benzonitrile by

Cryptococcus sp. UFMG- Y28. J. Basic Microbiol. 40: 389-392.

Robertson, D.E., Chaplin, J.A., DeSantis, G., Podar, M., Madden, M., Chi, E.,

Richardson, T., Milan, A., Miller, M., Weiner, D.P., Wong, K., McQuaid, J., Farwell, B.,

Preston, L.A., Tan, X., Snead, M.A., Keller, M., Mathur, E., Kretz, P.L., Burk, M.J. and

Short, J.M. (2004) Exploring nitrilase sequence space for enantioselective catalysis. Appl.


Robinson, W.G. and Hook, R.H. (1964) Ricinine nitrilase. I. Reaction product and

substrate specificity. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 4257-4262.

Roy, R.K. (1990) A Primer on the Taguchi Method, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Roy, R.K. (2001) Design of Experiments Using Taguchi Approach: 16 steps to Product

and Process Improvement, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Rustigian, R. and Stuart, C.A. (1941) Decomposition of urea by Proteus. Proc. Soc. Exp.

Biol Med. 47:108-112.

Ryuno, K., Nagasawa, T. and Yamada, H. (1988) Isolation of advantageous mutants of

Pseudomonas chlororaphis B23 for the enzymatic production of acrylamide. Agric. Biol.

Chem. 52: 1813-1816.

Saitou, N. and Nei, M. (1987) The neighbor-joining method: A new method for

reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol. Evol. 4: 406-425.

Sambrook, J.F. and Russell, D. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd

ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY.

Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Roodbeen, A.E. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory

Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.


192

Sathish, T., Lakshmi, G.S., Subba Rao, Ch., Brahmaiah, P. and Prakasham, R.S. (2008)

Mixture design as first step for improved glutaminase production in solid state

fermentation by isolated Bacillus sp. RSP – GLU. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 47: 256-262.

Sawicki, R.A. (1988) Catalyst for dehydration of lactic acid to acrylic acid. US Patent

4729978.

Sawyer, D.T., Sugimoto, H. and Calderwood, T.S. (1984) Base (O–2, e–,OH–)-induced

autoxygenation of organic substrates: a model chemical system for cytochrome P-450-

catalyzed monoxygenation and dehydrogenation by dioxygen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

81: 8025-8027.

Scholtz, R., Schmuckle, A., Cook, A.M. and Leisinger, T. (1987) Degradation of

eighteen 1-monohaloalkanes by Arthrobacter sp. strain HA1. J. Gen. Microbiol. 133:

267-274.

Schweiger, G. and Buckel, W. (1985) Identification of acrylate, the product of the

dehydration of (R)-lactate catalysed by cell-free extracts from Clostridium

propionicum. FEBS Lett. 185: 253-256.

Seelinger, S., Janssen, P.H. and Schink, B. (2002) Energetics and kinetics of lactate

fermentation to acetate and propionate via methylmalonyl-CoA or acrylyl-CoA. FEMS

Microbiol. Lett. 211: 65-70.

Shaw, N.M., Naughton, A., Robins, K., Tinschert, A., Schmid, E., Hischier, M.-

L.,Venetz, V., Werlen, J., Zimmerman, T., Brieden, W., de Riedmatten, P., Roduit, J.-

P.,Zimmerman, B. and Neumüller, R. (2002) Selection, purification, characterisation, and

cloning of a novel heat-stable stereo-specific amidase from Klebsiella oxytoca, and Its

Application in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-

hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acids and (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-

methylpropionamide. Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 6: 497-504.

Shaw, N.M., Robins, K.T. and Lonza, K.A.(2003) 20 Years of biotransformations. Adv.

Synth. Catal., 345: 425-435.


193

Shearer, J., Jackson, H. L., Schweitzer, D., Rittenberg, D.K., Leavy, T.M., Kaminsky,

W., Scarrow, R.C. and Kovacs, J.A. (2002) The first example of a nitrile hydratase model

complex that reversibly binds nitriles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124: 11417-11428.

Sheldon, R.A. (1993) Chirotechnology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 105.

Shen, M., Zheng, Y.G. and Shen, Y.C. (2009a) Isolation and characterization of a novel

Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus ZJUTB06-99, capable of converting acrylonitrile to

acrylic acid. Proces. Biochem. 44: 781-785.

Shen, M., Zheng, Y.G., Liu, Z.Q. and Shen, Y.C. (2009b) Production of acrylic acid from

acrylonitrile by immobilization of Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus ZJUTB06-99. J.


Singh, R., Sharma, R., Tewari, N. and Rawat, D. S. (2006) Nitrilase and its application as

a 'green' catalyst. Chem. Biodivers. 3: 1279-1287.

Smith, L.T., Fisher, C.H., Ratchford, W.P. and Fein, M.L. (1942) Pyrolysis of lactic acid

derivatives. Ind. Eng. Chem. 34: 473-479.

Sone, H., Nemoto, T., Ishiwata, H., Ojika, M. and Yamada, K. (1993) Isolation, structure,

and synthesis of dolastatin D, a cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from the sea gare Dolabella

auricularia. Tetrahedron Lett. 34: 8449-8452.

Sreenivas Rao, R., Ganesh Kumar, C., Prakasham, R.S., Phil Hobbs, J. (2008) The

Taguchi methodology as a statistical tool for biotechnological applications: a critical

appraisal. Biotechnol. J. 3: 510-523.

Sreenivas Rao, R., Prakasham, R.S., Krishna Prasad, K., Rajesham, S., Sarma, P.N. and

Venkateshwar Rao, L. (2004) Xylitol production by Candida sp.: Parameter optimization

using Taguchi approach. Process. Biochem. 39: 951-956

Stalker, D.M., Malyj, L.D. and McBride, K.E. (1988) Purification and properties of a

nitrilase specific for the herbicide bromoxynil and corresponding nucleotide sequence

analysis of the bxn gene. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 6310-6314.


194

Stelkes-Ritter, U., Wyzgol, K. and Kula, M. (1995) Purification and characterization of a

newly screened microbial peptide amidase. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44: 393-398.

Stevenson, D.E., Feng, R. and Storer, A.C. (1990) Detection of covalent enzymesubstrate

complexes of nitrilase by ion-spray mass spectroscopy. FEBS Lett. 277: 112-114.

Stevenson, D.E., Feng, R., Dumas, F., Groleau, D., Mihoc, A. and Storer, A.C. (1992)

Mechanistic and structural studies on Rhodococcus ATCC 39484 nitrilase. Biotechnol.

Appl. Biochem. 15: 283-302.

Stolz, A., Heinemann, U., Engels, D., Bürger, S., Kiziak, C, and Mattes, R. (2003)

Cloning of a nitrilase gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803

and heterologous expression and characterization of the encoded protein. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 69: 4359-4366.

Subba Rao, C.H., Madhavendra, S.S., Rao, R.S., Hobbs, P.J. and Prakasham, R.S. (2008)

Studies on improving the immobilized bead reusability and alkaline protease production

by isolated immobilized Bacillus circulans (MTCC 6811) using overall evaluation

criteria. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 15: 65–83.

Symes, K.C. and Hughes, J. (2002) Production of ammonium acylate. US Patent

6,361,981.

Takafumi, A. and Shinichi, H. (1993) Process for preparing unsaturated carboxylic acid

or ester thereof. US Patent 5250729.

Takashima, Y. (1995) Process for the production of amide compounds using

microorganisms. European Patent Application 95,101282.2, pp. 10.

Tamura, K. (1998) Method for producing optically active α-hydroxy acid or α-

hydroxyamide using a cyano ion detector and substrate concentration regulator. US

Patent 5736385.

Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M. and Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary

Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol. 24:1596-1599.


195

Tang, Y.W., Ellis, N.M., Hopkins, M.K., Smith, D.H., Dodge, D.E. and Persing, D.H.

(1998) Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic techniques for identification of unusual

aerobic pathogenic gram-negative bacilli. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36: 3674-3679.

Tewari, Y.B. and Goldberg, R.N. (2005) Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis reactions of

nitriles J. Chem. Thermodyn., 37: 720-728.

Theil, F. and Ballschuh, S. (1996) Chemoenzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of

cispentacin. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 7: 3565-3572.

Thimann, K.V., and Mahadevan, S. (1964) Nitrilase. I. Occurrence, preparation, and

general properties of the enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 105: 133-141.

Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. and Higgins, D.G. (1997)

The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment

aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 4876-4882.

Thuku, R.N., Brady, D., Benedik, M.J. and Sewell, B.T. (2009) Microbial nitrilases:

versatile, spiral forming, industrial enzymes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 106: 703-727.

Trott, S., Bauer, R., Knackmuss, H. and Stolz, A. (2001) Genetic and biochemical

characterization of an enantioselective amidase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain

d3. Microbiology 147: 1815-1824.

Tsobanakis, P., Meng, X. and Abraham, T.W. (2003) Methods of manufacturing

derivatives of β-hydroxycarboxylic acids. WO Patent 2003/082795.

Tsukamoto, J., Haebel, S., Valenca, G.P., Peter, M.G. and Franco, T.T. (2008) Enzymatic

direct synthesis of acrylic acid esters of mono- and disaccharides. J. Chem. Technol.

Biotechnol. 83: 1486-1492.

Turner, M.K. (1998) Perspectives in Biotransformations. In: Rehm, H.-J. and Reed, G.

(Eds.) Biotechnology, Vol. 8, Biotransformations I, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp. 9.


196

Varela, H., Ferrai, M.D., Belobrajdic, L., Vazquez, A. and Loperena, M.I. (1997) Skin

unhairing proteases of Bacillus subtilis: Production and partial characterization.

Biotechnol. Lett. 19: 755-758.

Vogel, A.I. (1989) Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th Edn., Longman, New

York, pp. 1056-1072.

Walkup, P.C., Rohrmann, C.A., Hallen, R.T. and Eakin, D.E. (1991) Production of esters

of lactic acid, esters of acrylic acid, lactic acid, and acrylic acid. US Patent 5071754.

Walkup, P.C., Rohrmann, C.A., Hallen, R.T. and Eakin, D.E. (1993) Production of esters

of lactic acid, esters of acrylic acid, lactic acid, and acrylic acid. US Patent 5252473.

Wang, M.X. and Lin, S.J. (2002) Practical and convenient enzymatic synthesis of

enantiopure α-amino acids and amides. J. Org. Chem. 67: 6542-6545.

Warhurst, A.M. and Fewson, C.A. (1994) Biotransformations catalysed by the genus

Rhodococcus. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 14: 29-73.

Watanabe, I., Satoh, Y. and Enomoto, K. (1987) Screening, isolation and taxonomical

properties of microorganisms having acrylonitrile-hydrating activity. Agric. Biol. Chem.

51: 3193-3199.

Weissermel, K. and Arpe, H.J. (2003) Industrial Organic Chemistry. Wiley-VCH,

Weinheim, Germany.

Weuster-Botz, D. (2000) Experimental design for fermentation media development:

statistical design or global random search? J. Biosci. Bioeng. 90:473-483.

Wieser, M. and Nagasawa, T. (2000) Stereoselective nitrile-converting enzymes. In:

Patel, R.N. (Ed.), Stereoselective Biocatalysis, pp. 467-486.

Wieser, M., Heinzmann, K. and Kiener, A. (1997) Bioconversion of 2-cyanopyrazine to

5-hydroxypyrazine-2-carboxylic acid with Agrobacterium sp. DSM 6336. Appl.



197

Wieser, M., Takeuchi, K., Wada, Y., Yamada, H. and Nagasawa, T. (1998)

Lowmolecular-mass nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodocrous J1: Purification,

substrate specificity and comparison with the analogous high-molecular-mass enzyme.

FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 169: 17-22.

Winkler, M., Knall, A.C., Kulterer, M.R. and Klempier, N. (2007) Nitrilases catalyze key

step to conformationally constrained GABA analogous gamma-amino acids in high

optical purity. J. Org. Chem. 72: 7423-7426.

Wyatt, J.M. and Linton, E.A. (1988) In: Evered, D. and Harnett, S. (Eds.), Cyanide

Compounds in Biology. Ciba Foundation Symposium 140, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 32-48.

Xia, Y.M., Cho, H.Y., Fang, Y., Liou, X.Y. and Suh, J.M. (2002) Relationship between

structure and performance of polyacrylates used as chelator in detergents. J. Ind. Chem.

8: 108-113.

Yamada, H. and Kobayashi, M. (1996) Nitrile hydratase and its application to industrial

production of acrylamide. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 60: 1391-1400.

Yamada, H., Shimizu, S. and Kobayashi, M. (2001) Hydratases involved in nitrile

conversion: screening, characterization and application. Chem. Rec. 1: 152-161.

Yamaki, T., Olikawa, T., Ito, K. and Nakamura, T. (1997) Cloning and sequencing of a

nitrile hydratase gene from Pseudonocardia thermophila JCM3095. J. Ferment. Bioeng.

83: 474-477.

Yamamoto, K, Ueno, Y, Otsubo, K, Kawakami, K. and Komatsu, K. (1990) Production

of S-(+)- Ibuprofen from a nitrile compound by Acinetobacter sp. strain AK226. Appl.


Yamamoto, K. and Komatsu, K. (1991a) Purification and characterization of nitrilase

responsible for the enantioselective hydrolysis from Acinetobacter sp. AK 226. Agric.

Biol. Chem. 55: 1459-1466.


198

Yamamoto, K., Fujimatsu, I. and Komatsu, K. (1992a) Purification and characterization

of the nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750 responsible for enantioselective

hydrolysis of mandelonitrile. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 73: 425-430.

Yamamoto, K., Oishi, K., Fujimatsu, I. and Komatsu, K.-I. (1991b) Production of R-(-)

mandelic acid from mandelonitrile by Alcaligenes faecalis ATCC 8750. Appl. Environ.

Microbiol. 57: 3028-3032.

Yamamoto, K., Ueno, Y., Otsubo, K., Yamane, H., Komatsu, K. and Tani, Y. (1992b)

Efficient conversion of dinitrile to mononitrile-monocarboxylic acid by Corynebacterium

sp. C5 cells during tranexamic acid synthesis. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 73: 125-129.

Zalkin, H. and Smith, J.L. (1998) Enzymes utilizing glutamine as an amide donor. Adv.

Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 72: 87-144.

Zhang, W. and Yang, M.J. (2005) Study on siloxane-acrylic aqueous dispersions for use

in exterior decorative coatings. Surface Coatings Int. Part B: Coatings Trans. 88: 107-

111.

Zheng, R.C., Wang, Y.S., Liu, Z.Q., Xing, L.Y., Zheng, Y.G. and Shen, Y.C. (2007)

Isolation and characterization of Delftia tsuruhatensis ZHB-05174, capable of R-

enantioselective degradation of 2, 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamide. Res. Microbiol.

158: 258-264.

Zhu, D., Mukherjee, C., Biehl, E.R. and Hua, L. (2007) Nitrilase-catalyzed selective

hydrolysis of dinitriles and green access to the cyanocarboxylic acids of pharmaceutical

importance. Adv. Synth. Catal. 349: 1667-1670.

Zohuriaan-Mehr, M.J. and Kabiri, K. (2008) Superabsorbent polymer materials: A

review. Iranian Polym. J. 17: 451-477.

chapter 6 referencesshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8293/16/16... · 2015. 12. 4. ·...

Documents