chapter 6 - cells section 6.1 & 6.2. importance of cells an organism’s basic unit of...
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CHAPTER 6 - CELLS
Section 6.1 & 6.2
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Importance of cells
An organism’s basic unit of structure & function is the cell
Everything we do occurs fundamentally at the cellular level Thinking Moving Maintaining homeostasis
Cells discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665
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Studying Cells
How do we understand cells if we can’t see them?
Microscopes allow us to see the inner workings of cells
Two main types of Microscopes Light Microscope (LM) – 1665-present Electron Microscope (EM) – 1950’s-present
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Light Microscopes
Allow us to see plant & animal cells and the nucleus.
Can also see bacteria cells. Light passes through the specimen and
lenses, bends the light to magnify the image.
Magnification: ratio of an object’s image to its real size (max. about 1,000x)
Resolution: measure of the clarity of the image (max. about 200nm – size of bacteria)
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Electron Microscopes
Rapidly advance our understanding of cells because we could see subcellular structures
Focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen
Two types: Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Gives a 3D image of the surface of the specimen Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Used to study internal stux – gives a cross section
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Advantages & Disadvantages Light Microscopes
Advantage: Can study living organisms Disadvantage: Can’t see organelles in
detail Electron Microscopes
Advantage: Can see organelles in detail Disadvantage: Specimens are killed in
preparation process (not for living tissues)
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Cell Fractionation
Goal: take cells apart and separate the major organelles from one another
Process: Centrifuge spins test tubes at various
speeds Cell components separate by size and
density Result:
Bulk quantity of cellular organelles to study composition and function
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Section 6.2
Two types of cells Prokaryotic found in Domain _______ & _______ Eukaryotic found in Domain _______
What 4 Kingdoms contain organisms with Eukaryotic cells?
1. Animal 2. Plant 3. Protist 4. Fungi
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Similarities & Differences
All Cells contain: Plasma membrane made up of a __________
Phospholipid bilayer Cytosol (cytoplasm) DNA Ribosomes
Differences: Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound
organelles and the DNA is contained in the nucleus.
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Prokaryotic cells:
DNA located in nucleoid region Prefix: pro means “before” Suffix: karyon means “kernel” (nucleus) No membrane bound organelles in
cytoplasm Smaller & simpler Cilia and flagella for locomotion Some have cell wall surrounding plasma
membrane
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Prokaryotic cells
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Cell Size
Cellular metabolism sets a limit on how large a cell can get
The cell needs to bring in oxygen & nutrients and needs to get rid of waste
Cell needs to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio to exchange the materials it needs to
Larger organisms do not have larger cells just more of them (we have trillions of cells!)
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Surface area to volume ratio
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Plasma membrane
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Eukaryotic cells
Contain membrane bound organelles Larger than prokaryotic cells and more
complex Animal & Plant cells Draw a diagram of an animal and a plant
cell
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