chapter 6: enlightenment and revolution. cold w… · proposes sending aid to all european nations...
TRANSCRIPT
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1945-1991
After World War II, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union lead to a war without direct conflict—the Cold War.
Both countries invest heavily in nuclear weapons, and the U.S. enters the Korean War.
At home, fear of communism escalates.
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At the end of WWII, Americans begin to be haunted by a new fear. The Soviets have embraced a tightly controlled political system called communism. Many believe it threatens the American way of life. Throughout the nation, suspected communists are called before a House subcommittee for questioning. Anyone accused of un-American activity faces public humiliation and professional ruin.
What would you do if a friend were accused?◦ Do Americans with communist beliefs pose a threat to the
nation?◦ What can individual citizens do to protect the rights of all
people?
◦ Should citizens speak out to preserve the rights of others?
In 1945, U.S. and Soviet troops met at the Elbe river in Germany. The meeting was characterized as a symbol of peace.
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Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Objectives:1. Explain the breakdown in relations between the
United States and the Soviet Union after World War II
2. Summarize the steps taken to contain Soviet influence
3. Describe how the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions
4. Explain how conflict over Germany increased fear of Soviet aggression
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The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as Two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems.
Terms and Names:◦ Soviet Communism◦ Joseph Stalin◦ United Nations◦ Potsdam Conference◦ Satellite nations◦ Containment◦ “Iron Curtain”◦ Cold War◦ Truman Doctrine◦ Marshall Plan◦ Berlin Airlift◦ NATO
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U.S.-Soviet Relations:◦ U.S. and U.S.S.R. had very different economic,
political systems
Under Soviet Communism the state controlled all property and economic activity
The U.S. economic system allows private individuals to control property and the economy with some government intervention
◦ The U.S. was suspicious of Joseph Stalin (the Soviet leader) because he had once been Hitler’s ally
◦ Stalin resented that the U.S. had delayed attacking Germany and hid the atomic bomb
The United Nations:◦ In June 1945, 50 nations agree to create the United
Nations as a new peacekeeping body
◦ Ironically, the UN becomes arena where the U.S. and U.S.S.R. compete for influence
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Truman Become President:◦ After FDR dies, Truman
succeeds him as president
◦ He had only been Vice President for a short time
◦ Truman had not been included in policy decisions Didn’t even know about
the atom bomb
The Potsdam Conference:◦ In February 1945, the Big Three—U.S., Soviets,
England had met at Yalta to discuss post-war goals
◦ The Potsdam Conference occurred in July 1945:
Now it was Stalin, Truman and at first Churchill then Clement Atlee
◦ It was clear now that Stalin had no intention of allowing free elections in Eastern Europe
He banned democratic parties
◦ Truman was furious
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Bargaining at Potsdam:◦ U.S. and Soviet aims were deeply at odds
◦ Truman demanded free elections and to spread democracy around Europe
He wanted to create a new world order in which all nations had the right of self-determination
◦ Stalin wanted the Germans to suffer and to pay for war damages which happened on Soviet soil
He felt that he should have power over eastern Europe as a buffer from future invasion
Soviets Tighten Their Grip on Eastern Europe◦ Stalin installs communist rule in satellite nations—
countries it dominates◦ In 1946, Stalin announces that war between
communism and capitalism is inevitable
United States Establishes a Policy of Containment:◦ U.S. policy of containment—measures to prevent
spread of communism◦ In 1946, Churchill gives a speech in the U.S.
describing the division of Europe as the iron curtain
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Turn to page 605 of your textbook
Use the map to draw the iron curtain on your map of 1939 Europe
The Truman Doctrine:◦ 1945-1991 Cold War—political and ideological
conflict between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
Neither nation directly confronts each other on the battlefield
Truman Doctrine—policy essential to keeping Soviet influence from spreading
“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures”-Truman
In 1947, the U.S. replaces British economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to reduce communist threat
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The Marshall Plan:◦ Europe was devastated after World War II and
communism looked like a viable option to many
◦ In 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposes sending aid to all European nations that needed it
◦ The Marshall Plan sent over $13 billion in aid reviving 16 nations
By 1952, economies flourishing and communism looked less appealing
The Berlin Airlift:◦ After WWII, Germany was split up into occupied zones:
France, Britain and the U.S. controlled the west, while the Soviets had the east.
Berlin, located in Eastern Germany, was also divided amongst the four powers.
In an effort to seize control of the whole of Berlin, in 1948, Stalin closed all access to West Berlin
Berlin Airlift—Britain and U.S. fly over and drop supplies into West Berlin for 327 straight days
The airlift saved West Berlin from the Soviets and increased U.S. prestige in Europe
In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade
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The NATO Alliance:◦ Fear of Soviet expansion leads to the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO)
◦ 10 European nations, together with the U.S. and Canada, pledge mutual military support
◦ Significance—it was the first time ever that the U.S. had entered into a peacetime military alliance
It also marked the end of U.S. isolationism
◦ Turn to page 605 in your textbook and using a marker, draw the iron curtain on your map of Europe
Distrust of the Soviets:◦ Following the creation of NATO, the Soviets detonated their
own atomic bomb.◦ Truman wanted to make sure he’d have the financial
capability to defeat the Soviets◦ The NSC-68 outlined the de facto national security
strategy of the United States for that time and analyzed the capabilities of the Soviet Union and of the United States of America from military, economic, political, and psychological standpoints.
◦ The NSC-68 described the challenges facing the United States in cataclysmic terms. "The issues that face us are momentous," the document stated, "involving the fulfillment or destruction not only of this Republic but of civilization itself.“
◦ The NSC-68 document showed a definite shift from isolationism to a foreign policy of containment
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Film Noir:1. A French term meaning "black film," or film of the night,
inspired by the Series Noir, a line of cheap paperbacks that translated hard-boiled American crime authors and found a popular audience in France.
2. A movie which at no time misleads you into thinking there is going to be a happy ending.
3. Locations that reek of the night, of shadows, of alleys, of the back doors of fancy places, of apartment buildings with a high turnover rate, of taxi drivers and bartenders who have seen it all.
4. Cigarettes. Everybody in film noir is always smoking, as if to say, "On top of everything else, I've been assigned to get through three packs today." The best smoking movie of all time is "Out of the Past," in which Robert Mitchum and Kirk Douglas smoke furiously at each other. At one point, Mitchumenters a room, Douglas extends a pack and says, "Cigarette?" and Mitchum, holding up his hand, says, "Smoking."
Terms and Names:◦ Soviet Communism◦ Joseph Stalin◦ United Nations◦ Potsdam Conference◦ Satellite nations◦ Containment◦ “Iron Curtain”◦ Cold War◦ Truman Doctrine◦ Marshall Plan◦ Berlin Airlift◦ NATO
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Students group up and work on Section 1 of Chapter 18 study guide.
Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
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U.S. containment policies and Communist successes in China and North Korea lead to the Korean War
After World War II, China became a communist nation and Korea was split into a communist north and a democratic south
Ongoing tensions with China and North Korea today continue to involve the United States
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Turn to page 613 in your textbook.
Analyze the Korean War
The firing of MacArthur◦ “Old soldiers never
die, they just fade away”
Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Section 3: The Cold War at Home
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1. Describe government efforts to investigate the loyalty of U.S. citizens
2. Explain the spy cases of Alger Hiss and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
3. Describe the efforts of Senator Joseph McCarthy to investigate alleged Communist influence in the United States
Terms and Names:◦ HUAC
◦ Hollywood Ten
◦ Blacklist
◦ Alger Hiss
◦ Paul Robeson
◦ Joseph McCarthy
◦ Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
◦ McCarran Act
◦ Loyalty Review Board
◦ McCarthyism
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Been put in a situation in which your guilt, rather than your innocence, is presumed and the burden is upon you to prove yourselves innocent?
Consider the power of the smear campaign, where it is difficult to prove the truth once a lie has been spread about a person
American Sentiments:◦ Communist takeover of Eastern Europe and China fuel
fear of its spread◦ At the height of World War II, 100,000 Americans
claimed they were members of the Communist Party
Loyalty Review Board:◦ Truman is accused by Republicans of being soft on
communism◦ In 1947, he sets up the Loyalty Review Board to
investigate government employees◦ Between 1947 and 1951, the Loyalty Board investigates
3.2 million employees and fired 212 Another 2,900 quit because they felt their constitutional
rights were being violated
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The House Un-American Activities Committee:◦ House Un-American
Activities Committee (HUAC) investigates Communist ties
◦ HUAC makes headlines in 1947 when they investigate the Hollywood movie industry
◦ The Hollywood Ten refuse to testify and are sent to prison
◦ Fearing trouble, Hollywood execs blacklist people with Communist ties and they can’t get work
Paul Robeson:◦ Read the Historical Spotlight on Paul Robeson on
page 617 of your text
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The McCarran Act:◦ Fearing Truman wasn’t doing enough, Congress
passes the McCarran Act—making it illegal to plan any action that might lead to a totalitarian dictatorship
◦ Truman vetoes stating that in America we don’t punish people for having opinions
◦ Congress overrides the veto
Alger Hiss:◦ Alger Hiss was accused
of spying for the Soviet Union by a former Soviet spy
◦ While evidence against him was weak, he was convicted of perjury
◦ The high profile case was pursued by young congressman Richard Nixon Within four year Nixon was
vice president
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The Rosenbergs:◦ In 1949, The U.S. public is
shocked when it discovers that Soviets had detonated an atomic bomb
◦ Many begin to wonder if communist supporters had sold secrets
◦ Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits giving info
◦ Ethel and Julius Rosenberg—minor Communist Party activists, are implicated
◦ Rosenbergs are sentenced to death and Supreme Court upholds conviction
McCarthy’s Tactics:◦ Senator Joseph McCarthy is a strong anti-
communist activist◦ Ineffective legislator, needs an issue to win
reelection◦ McCarthyism—attacking suspected Communists
without evidence It is a term coined even today for the act of accusing
someone of something without evidence
◦ McCarthy claims he has names of Communists in the State Department—no evidence
◦ Few Republicans spoke out because they believed he had the winning strategy for the 1952 presidential election
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McCarthy’s Downfall:◦ In 1954, McCarthy makes false accusations about
the U.S. Army
◦ Televised hearing show him bullying witnesses
◦ Loses public support, Senate condemns him of improper conduct
◦ Three years later, McCarthy, suffering from alcoholism, dies a broken man
◦ During the Army trial, McCarthy was shamed by Army attorney Joseph Welch
McCarthy’s Downfall:◦ McCarthy also had a very public fight with
legendary television journalist Edward R. Murrow
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Other Anti-Communist Measures:◦ By 1953, 39 states and many towns pass laws to
forbid speech favoring the violent overthrow of the government
◦ Millions are forced to take loyalty oaths and many are investigated
◦ People become afraid to speak out on public issues
Terms and Names:◦ HUAC
◦ Hollywood Ten
◦ Blacklist
◦ Alger Hiss
◦ Paul Robeson
◦ Joseph McCarthy
◦ Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
◦ McCarran Act
◦ Loyalty Review Board
◦ McCarthyism
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Students pair up and work on Section 3 of Chapter 18 study guide.
Jack Finney published The Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1955 during the height of the Red Scare and Senator Joe McCarthy’s investigation into “Un-American Activities.”
Finney’s tale of an alien invasion of a small California town by pod-people that replicate and replace its citizens would seem to be a classic example of America’s fear of Communist invasion and conformity.
Many critics view this novel as a work that reflects the dominant cultural attitudes of its day.
Finney does not analyze his culture but transfers his fear of Communism into a story of an alien invasion.
Some scholars view the alien invasion as “an obvious displacement of the Soviet threat [which] turn[s] on the metaphor of communism as pathology” or disease.
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Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge
1. Explain the policy of brinksmanship
2. Describe American and Soviet actions that caused the Cold War to spread around the world
3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the U-2 incident on the United States
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Terms and Names:◦ H-bomb
◦ Dwight D. Eisenhower
◦ John Foster Dulles
◦ Brinksmanship
◦ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
◦ Warsaw Pact
◦ Eisenhower Doctrine
◦ Nikita Khrushchev
◦ Francis Gary Powers
◦ U-2 Incident
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Race for the H-Bomb:◦ When Soviets explode atom bomb in 1949, Truman
has to decide to develop an even bigger bomb
◦ H-bomb—hydrogen bomb—nuclear weapon more powerful than the atom bomb
◦ 1952: U.S. detonates H-bomb
◦ 1953: Soviets detonate one
Policy of Brinksmanship:◦ Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes president after
Truman and during the height of the Cold War
◦ John Foster Dulles is his Secretary of State
◦ Proposes policy of brinksmanship—the willingness to go to all out war to prevent spread of communism
◦ Thermo-nuclear threat is greater than ever before
Millions can die
Nation prepares by practicing air-raid procedures, many others build bomb shelters
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Covert Actions in the Middle East and Latin America:◦ Newly-formed Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—
uses spies to gather information
◦ In Iran, the CIA helps oust the prime minister for fear he may turn to Soviets for help after British stopped buying Iranian oil
They put in place a pro-American Shah
◦ In Guatemala, the CIA helps oust the president after he gave land to peasants
Guatemalan army leader becomes president
The Warsaw Pact:◦ U.S.-Soviet relations thaw a bit after Stalin’s death
in 1953◦ West Germany is allowed to rearm and joins NATO◦ This scares the Soviets, so they form the Warsaw
Pact—military alliance with 7 Eastern European countries
◦ Using map handout, label European countries and color countries in NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances, as well as neutral countries. Use map on page 624 of your text for reference
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A Summit in Geneva:◦ Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva, proposes
“open skies” policy to allow flights over each other to keep eye on nukes
◦ Soviets reject the proposal, but world hails the “spirit of Geneva” as step towards peace
The Suez War:◦ In 1955, U.S. and Great Britain agree to help build Aswan
Dam in Egypt◦ Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdel-Nasser plays U.S. and Soviets
for more aid◦ Dulles withdraws loan offer, Nasser responds by
nationalizing Suez Canal (owned by France and Great Britain)
◦ Israel, Britain and France send troops—UN intervenes◦ Fighting stops, Egypt keeps canal, others withdraw
The Eisenhower Doctrine:◦ Soviet prestige in Middle East rises because of support for
Egypt◦ Eisenhower Doctrine—in 1957, says U.S. will defend any
Middle East country against Soviet Invasion
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The Hungarian Uprising:◦ In 1956, Hungarians revolt
against communist rule, call for democratic government
◦ Popular liberal Communist leader, Imre Nagy, creates government, promises elections
◦ Soviet tanks quickly roll in, fighting Hungarians in streets, capturing and executing Nagy
◦ Despite Truman Doctrine, U.S. does nothing to help Soviet satellites, Soviets also vetoed any action by the UN
A New Soviet Leader:◦ Nikita Khrushchev
emerges as new Soviet leader
◦ Favors peaceful coexistence and economic, scientific competition
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The Space Race:◦ October 1957,
Soviets launch Sputnik, first artificial satellite
◦ Shocked Americans pour money into own space program
A U-2 is Shot Down:◦ CIA makes secret high-altitude flights with U-2 planes
to spy on Soviets◦ Eisenhower wants the flights discontinued before
summit with Khrushchev◦ Francis Gary Powers is shot down on last flight over
Soviet territory
Renewed Confrontation:◦ Eisenhower at first denies, then concedes U-2 was
spying◦ Agrees to stop flights, but refuses to apologize to
Khrushchev◦ U-2 incident renews tensions between superpowers;
summit is cancelled
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Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, commonly known as Dr. Strangelove, is a 1964 black comedy film which satirizes the fear of nuclear war in the 1960s. It was directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick and starred Peter Sellers and George C. Scott. The film is loosely based on Peter George's Cold War thriller novel "Red Alert". The story concerns a crazy U.S. Air Force general who orders a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President of the United States and his advisors as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. It separately follows the crew of one of the B-52 bombers as they try to launch the bomb over Soviet territory.
The film is often ranked by critics and directors amongst the greatest comedies of all time, and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 2000, readers of "Total Film" magazine voted it the 24th greatest comedy film of all time. As of July 2012, it ranked the 35th greatest film of all time at the Internet Movie Database. Movie critic Roger Ebert said the movie is "arguably the best political satire of the century." In 1989, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film "culturally significant" and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was listed as number three on the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Laughs list.
Students pair up and work on Section 4 of Chapter 17 study guide.
