chapter 6: food safety & sanitation
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Chapter 6: Food Safety & Sanitation. Preventing Food Bourne Illness. Key Terms. Preventing Foodborne Illness. There are three main ways to prevent foodborne illness: Personal Hygiene Consists of the actions a person takes to keep his or her body and clothing clean and to remove pathogens - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6: Food Safety & Sanitation
Preventing Food Bourne Illness
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Key Terms
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Preventing Foodborne Illness
• There are three main ways to prevent foodborne illness:– Personal Hygiene
• Consists of the actions a person takes to keep his or her body and clothing clean and to remove pathogens
– Sanitation• Consists of the actions taken to prevent and control disease
– Proper Food Handling• Cleaning is the physical removal of dirt and food from
surfaces• Sanitizing is the treatment of a clean surface with chemicals
or heat to reduce the number of disease-causing microorganisms to safe levels
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Employee Practices
– Stay home when sick– Keep fingernails short– Wash hands properly– Wash hands frequently– Bathe daily– Wear clean clothing
– Do not wear jewelry– Keep hair restrained– Control sweat– Use gloves when directed– Use sanitary serving
methods
• One of the most common sources of food contamination is the hospitality employee.
• Employee practices that prevent foodborne illness are generally called personal hygiene.
• Good personal hygiene include:
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Stay Home When Sick
• Food service employees should never be on duty when they have diseases that can be transmitted through direct contact with food or other persons
• Employees who show signs of illness should be reassigned or sent home
• Signs of illness include:– Fever– Sneezing– Coughing– Vomiting– Diarrhea– Oozing burns and cuts
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Keep Fingernails Short
• Fingernails should be:– Trimmed– Filed– Maintained
• This ensures that hand washing will effectively remove soil and bacteria from under and around them.
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Wash Hands Properly
• Hands easily pick up contaminants, such as bacteria from unclean surfaces, chemicals from cleaning products, or bacteria from the nose or mouth
• There should be hand washing stations which include– Hot water– Cold water– Soap or detergent
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Wash Hands Properly
• Proper hand washing includes;– Vigorously rub surfaces of hands for 20 seconds– Clean under fingernails using a brush– Dry hands with a single paper towel
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Wash Hands Frequently
• Hands should be washed whenever you touch an unclean surface
• Hands should be washed:– After using the restroom– Sneezing– Nose blowing– Wiping away sweat– Touching hair– Working with raw foods– Touching dirty surfaces
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Bathe Daily
• Personal cleanliness is important• Lack of personal cleanliness can;
– Offend customers– Cause illnesses– Contaminate food or food surfaces
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Wear Clean Clothing
• Employees should always wear clean work clothes
• Dirty clothing presents two problems:– Odor– Contamination by bacteria
• Dirt can enter the business on an employee’s shoes or clothing
• Ordinary dirt contains many microorganisms from sewage, fertilizer, or street dirt
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Do Not Wear Jewelry
• Jewelry should never be worn during food production or dishwashing
• The following items can collect dirt and cause foodborne illness:– Rings– Watches– Bracelets– Necklaces– Earrings
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Keep Hair Restricted
• Caps, nets, or other hair restraints should be worn to prevent hair from falling into food
• Hair should be kept clean• Dirty hair harbors pathogens and
microorganisms
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Control Sweat
• Another common source of contamination is sweat.
• Food handlers should be careful not to drip sweat onto equipment or into food products
• A food contact surface is a surface that comes in contact with food.
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Use Gloves When Directed
• Many foodservice operations require the wearing of disposable gloves during food preparation or service
• Bare hands can harbor bacteria• Gloves should be changed after every possible
contamination• Hands must be washed before gloves are put
on
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Use Sanitary Serving Methods
• All tableware and serving utensils must be handled in a sanitary way
• Do not touch the eating surfaces of tableware when setting tables or when handling and storing utensils
• Never touch food contact surfaces
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Food Sources & Storage
• Food and beverage businesses buy food products from many different sources
• Once the food is purchased, it must be shipped to the restaurant, then stored
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Sources
• Each food source (supplier) has workers who handle food
• Each of these places might cause contamination in the food they sell
• Food sources must be reliable
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Shipping
• Reliable suppliers keep food products separate from general supplies during shipping
• Reliable suppliers also:– Protect food packages from becoming damaged or
torn– Ship products in vehicles that are clean
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Storage
• Food must be properly stored to prevent spoilage and contamination
• The most important rule of storage is first in, first out (FIFO)
• Store food in approved areas• Protect food from:
– Dust– Flies– Rodents– Toxic materials– Unclean equipment
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Rodent & Insect Control
• Pests such as rodents and insects can cause serious problems for restaurants
• Insects and rodents can contaminate food, spread diseases, and destroy your property
• Major ways to control pests are through:– Good housekeeping– Preventing entry– Proper disposal of trash– Use pesticides as a last resort
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Equipment, Utensils, and Surfaces
• Equipment includes all the devices used to prepare food
• Utensil are all the small pieces of equipment used in the kitchen, plus all the items used to serve food to guests, including plates, glasses, and silverware
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Construction
• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set standards for equipment and utensils
• The purpose of the standards is to make sure that the equipment and utensils are easy to clean and sanitize and safe to use
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Cleaning vs. Sanitizing
• Cleaning is the physical removal of soil and food residues from surfaces of equipment, utensils, tables, and floors
• Sanitizing is the treatment of a surface with chemicals or heat to reduce the number of disease-causing organisms to safe levels
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Dishwashing
• Dishwashing is one of the most important jobs in the food and beverage business
• The purpose of dishwashing is to clean and sanitize equipment, dishware, and utensils
• Dishwashing is a two-part process:– Clean– Sanitize
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Food Handling
• Food handling most often refers to procedures that prevent the growth of bacteria in foods
• The two basic rules of food handling are:– Keep cold foods cold– Keep hot foods hot
• A holding unit is a piece of equipment that holds food at a specific temperature
• A thermometer is a tool for measuring temperature• A thermostat is an automatic device that regulates
the temperature of a piece of equipment
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Preparing Raw Food
• Cross-contamination can occur when:– Raw food is placed on a surface, then cooked food
is placed on the same surface• Cross-contamination takes place from:
– Food to food transfer– Surface to surface transfer– Food to surface transfer– Not washing hands after handling each item
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Preparing Raw Food
• Raw food often has small amounts of pathogens and other contaminants
• Raw fruits and vegetables often have soil on them
• Soil contains many microorganisms• A major danger when handling raw food is
cross-contamination• Cross-contamination is the transfer of
microorganisms from one food item to another
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Cooking
• The first goal of cooking is to make it appetizing
• The second goal of cooking is to destroy pathogens or reduce them to safe levels
• The FDA temperature recommendations are minimum temperature and amount of time the food must be held
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Cooking
Food Minimum Internal Temperature
Minimum Holding Time
Beef, Pork, Fish 145°F 15 seconds
Ground Meats, Sausage
155°F 15 seconds
Poultry, Stuffed Meats, Stuffed Pasta, Stuffing, Casseroles
165°F 15 seconds
FDA Minimum Internal Food Temperature
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Procedures to Prevent Cross-Contamination
• Thoroughly clean raw food– Wash all fruits and vegetables
• Prepare raw seafood, poultry, and meat on surfaces and with utensils that can be sanitized
• Do not handle raw foods, including eggs, then touch cooked or foods that will not be cooked
• Do not let raw foods drip on cooked foods in the refrigerator
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Cooling, Thawing, & Reheating
• Cooling, thawing, and reheating are processes that take time and require food to go through the temperature danger zone
• Special precautions must be taken to reduce the growth of bacteria during cooling, thawing, and reheating
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Cooling, Thawing, & ReheatingProcess Precautions Steps
Cooling Cool as quickly as possible 1. Place food in a clean stainless steel container2. Place container in cold water or ice bath3. Stir food during cooling4. Cool until food reaches 40°F
Thawing Keep food from reaching and staying in the temperature danger zone
Options* Thaw in original wrapper in the refrigerator* Thaw in original wrapper under cold running water in a sink* Thaw in microwave
Reheating Bring to 165°F as quickly as possible
1. Reheat only enough food to meet needs2. Reheat liquids over direct heat3. Reheat solid foods in a convection oven4. Small portions can be reheated in a
microwave5. Never use a steam table to reheat foods.
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Holding
• Holding can be defined as keeping potentially hazardous foods out of the temperature danger zone during the period while the food is waiting to be served to guests.
• Safe handling for cold foods requires that they must be kept at 40°F or below
• Safe holding for hot foods requires that they must be kept at 140°F or above after cooking
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