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Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939

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Page 1: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Chapter 6 Golden Age1927-1939

Page 2: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Golden Age of Flying Adventure Exploration Sport Airplanes

• Increased safety• Reliability• Frequency

Page 3: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh Early Life

• Worked on farm• Dropped out of U. of Wisconsin

Flying• Flying lessons – 1922• 8 hours of dual instruction• Wing-walking/parachuting• Bought Curtiss-Jenny – 1923• Continued barnstorming

Page 4: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh

Page 5: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh Military aviation

• Cadet - 1924• Formation flying• Bombing and strafing• 104 cadets in class

18 graduated Lindberg finishes first 2nd lieutenant Released from active duty

Page 6: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh Robertson Aircraft Corporation

• Airmail pilot• St Louis to Chicago• Tested airplanes• Organized routes• Hired pilots• Arranged delivery trucks• 1st airmail run – 15 April 1925

5 roundtrip flights per week• Left in February 1927

Page 7: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh Orteig Prize

• $25,000 prize• First nonstop flight• Between New York and Paris• Either direction

Financial support• St Louis business community• $15,000 business loan

Page 8: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Spirit of St Louis Wanted monoplane

• Reduced drag• Single engine• Additional fuel tank• Periscope added

Ryan Aircraft• $10,580• Test flights – April 1927• Flew from

San Diego to St Louis St Louis to Roosevelt Field

Page 9: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Other Attempts Rene Fonck (21 Sep 1926)

• Crashed S-35 on takeoff• Survived – two died

Naval aviators (April 1927)• Died during test flight

French airmen (8 May 1927)• Nungesser & Colt• Never seen again

Clarence Chamberlin Richard Byrd

Page 10: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Atlantic Flight Coast-to-coast speed record

• 21 hours 20 minutes Packed for trip

• 4 sandwiches• 2 canteens of water• Army rations

Takeoff – 20 May 1927• 07:52 AM• 450 gallons of gas• 20 feet clearance of wires

Page 11: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Atlantic Flight Challenges

• Skimming over storm clouds• Flying as low as 10 feet• Icing• Flying blind in fog• Navigating by stars

Landing• Le Bourget Airport• 21 May 1927• 10:22 PM

Page 12: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh Won Orteig Prize Awarded Legion of Honor Chevalier of Royal Order Leopold Distinguished Flying Cross Promoted to Colonel Congressional Medal of Honor Time “Man of the Year” Brief flights in Europe Longines watch

Page 13: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh 1st Goodwill Tour

• Sell aviation• Promote commercial aviation• 20 July to 23 October

Visited all 48 states 82 cities 30 million people 22,000 miles Logged 260 hours 45 minutes 147 speeches 1,290 parade miles

Page 14: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh 1st Goodwill Tour

• Pilot applications tripled• Licenses aircraft quadrupled• Passengers

1927 – 5,782 1929 – 173,405 3,000% increase

Page 15: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh 2nd Goodwill Tours

• Nonstop Washington to Mexico City 26 hours 15 minutes

• 17 Latin America countries 9,000 miles

• Flew airplane to Washington Donated to Smithsonian 174 flights 489:28 hours logged

Page 16: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh “Crime of the Century” Move to Europe

• Return to U.S.• Temporary call-up to active duty

Dr. Alexis Carrell• Glass perfusion pump• Future heart surgeries possible

Travel to Germany• Report on German aviation• German award

Page 17: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Charles Lindbergh America First

• Proposed neutrality act with Germany• Resigned commission

Anti-Semetic• FBI investigates Lindberg• Future heart surgeries possible

United Aircraft• Tech representative - Pacific• Flew over 50 combat missions

Brigadier General appointment

Page 18: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT

Dole’s Pacific Air Race• $35,000 prize• Nonstop flight• Oakland to Honolulu• 15 airplanes entered

3 crashed before race

Page 19: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Dole Derby 16 August 1927

• 8 participated 2 crashed on takeoff 2 went missing 1 returned for repairs

• Search for missing• Disappeared

• 2 planes completed race Wooloroc

• Art Goebel and Bill Davis Aloha

• Second prize - $10,000

Page 20: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Other Pacific Crossings Oakland to Sidney, Australia

• 31 May to 9 June 83 hours 38 minutes

Japan to Wenatchee, Washington Clyde Pangborn

• October 1931

Page 21: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Atlantic Crossings South Atlantic Ocean

• Italian Francesco de Pinedo Amelia Earhart

• 1932 Solo, nonstop transatlantic flight

James Mollison• First east-to-west solo crossing• England to Cape Town

Airship Graf Zeppelin• 18 crossings (S. Atlantic)

Page 22: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Round the World Graf Zeppelin

• Lakenhurst start/stop• 21 days, 5 hours, 31 minutes• 20,651 miles

Wiley Post• 1931

8 days 15 hours 51 minutes• 1933 – solo

7 days 18 hours 49 minutes• Monoplane “Winnie Mae” on both trips

Page 23: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Round the World Howard Hughes

• Lockheed Super Electra• 3 days, 19 hours

Polar Flights• Byrd

South Pole – November 1929• Russian crew

First nonstop great-circle flight Soviet Union to United States 63 hours 17 minutes

Page 24: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Italian Distance Flight Benito Mussolini

• Chicago World’s Fair - 1933• Squadron of airplanes (Flying Boats)• 25 airplanes

One lost enroute Flew in formation over Fair One lost on return flight

Page 25: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

MacRobertson Air Race October 1934

• $75,000 prize• England to Melbourne

No limit to aircraft/power/crew size 5 compulsory stops Initial field - 60 Start of race – 20 9 finished race Scott and Black winners (Britain)

• 71 hours 0 minutes

Page 26: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT

Dole’s Pacific Air Race Atlantic Crossing Round the World Polar Flights Italian Distance Flights MacRobertson Air Race

Page 27: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

ALTITUDE FLIGHTS Altitude Flights Speed Flights French Raids Light Airplanes Autogiros Homebuilt Aircraft

• Flying Fleas • Homebuilt Movement

Gliding

Page 28: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

ALTITUDE FLIGHTS Flight over Mt. Everest (29,030 ft)

• April 1933• PV.3 Torpedo Bomber• Lord Clydesdale/Dave McIntyre

Balloonists• 1934

Explorer I Captain Orvil Anderson More than 11 miles

• 1935 Explorer II 72,395 ft (13.7 miles)

Page 29: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

SPEED FLIGHTS Absolute Record

• 278.481 (May 1927)• 297.817 (November 1927)• 318.624 (March 1928)• 407.001 (1931)• 440.678 (1934)• 463.921 (March 1939)• 469.224 (April 1939)

Page 30: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

LIGHT AIRPLANES Popularity of airplanes

• Manufacturers produced small planes Private pilots High performance Competitive aviators

• De Havilland D.H. Moth 60 Bi-plane Two-seater Over 1,000 built (1925 – 1934)

• Taylor Aircraft Company• Piper Aircraft Corporation• Stinson• Waco

Page 31: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT

Page 32: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Golden Age Autogiros

• Both rotor and propeller Rotor generates lift Propeller draws aircraft forward Competitive aviators Juan de La Cierva (Spain)

Homebuilt Aircraft• Standard feature of aircraft• Heath “Super Parasol” kit

Popular Mechanics• Pietenpol’s “Air Camper”

Modern Mechanix

Page 33: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Flying Fleas Henri Mignet

• Built own airplanes• Inspired homebuilding movement

“The Flea of the Sky”• “a kite with an auxiliary engine”

Did not have• Ailerons• Slots• Elevators• Cowling

Flea rally - 1935

Page 34: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

ADVENTURE, EXPLORATION, AND SPORT

Page 35: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Gliding Germany

• Enrollments increased yearly 1930s – 10,000 members

• Investigated thermals Fly in front of storm Cloud to cloud City thermals

Page 36: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners Aéropostale

• Airmail service between France and S. America

• Strong government support• Competed with Lufthansa• Longest line of routes in world• Scandal in 1930s• Lost subsidy• Liquidation and bankruptcy

Page 37: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners French Aviation

• Merged 5 airlines into 1 (Air France) Air Orient Air Union CIDNA SGTA Aeropostale

Air France• National airline

Page 38: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners French Aviation

• 1930s – decline in aviation Poor domestic economy Government corruption Civil war in Spain Fasicm Military strength

• 1937 – produced 37 planes/month Custom craft techniques

Page 39: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners Deutsche Luft Hansa

• Installed radios on large transports• Instrument rating compulsory-1926• 1928 – refreshments for passengers• Large European network• Flew more miles • Transoceanic Routes

N. Atlantic Ship-to-land service Floatboat off passenger ship to New York S. Atlantic service - 1934

Page 40: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners Deutsche Luft Hansa

• International Cooperation Reduce competition along routes China service – 1930

Page 41: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners British Airlines

• Imperial Airways Neglected domestic routes Did not improve colonial routes

• Hillman• British Airways

British government• Divided international routes• Imperial – long Empire routes• British Airways – short Empire routes

Page 42: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased
Page 43: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners

United States • Air Mail Act of 1925

Stimulated formation of airlines• Air Mail Act of 1930

Premium to airlines Transported passengers and mail

Page 44: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners

Mergers• United Airlines ---- Boeing’s United

Aircraft and Transport Corporation• Eastern Airlines ---- Florida Airways

and Pitcairn Aviation• TWA ---- Transcontinental and

Western Air• American Airlines ---- 82 small

airlines

Page 45: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners

United States • Air Commerce Act

Bureau of Lighthouses• Airway development and maintenance• Light beacons, navigational aids

Bureau of Standards – government lab• Aeronautical research

Coast and Geodetic Survey• Mapping airways

Commerce Department• Air regulations• Administration of Aeronautics Branch

Page 46: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners

United States • Air Commerce Act

Test/license pilots Issue airworthiness certificates Make/enforce safety rules Establish airways Operate/maintain aids to air navigation Investigate accidents and incidents

Page 47: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners United States

• Jeppesen Airmail pilot – Elrey V. Jeppesen Recorded detailed notes in notebook Charted “letdown procedures for emergency

airfields along routes Other pilots requested info 1934 – published airway information

Page 48: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners United States

• Airmail Scandal 9 Feb 1934 Postmaster James A. Farley

• Cancelled airmail contracts within U.S.• Charged collusion• Congress investigates

FDR – directs Army Air Corps to fly mail 19 February to 1 June

• Not prepared• Fighter planes/trainers not appropriate• Many pilots had little experience

Page 49: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners United States

• Army Air Corps Suspended service - March 10 to 19 Reorganize for safer operations

• 14,745 hours• 1,707,559 miles flown• $3.76 million dollars

$2.21 per-mile cost Contract airlines - $0.54

• Failed test of readiness

Page 50: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners United States

• Air Mail Scandal Congress force separation of

• Airlines flying mail from• Companies that produced aviation

equipment DC-3 emerged

• Requirement Airlines carry passengers without

subsidy• Popular with passengers• Over 10,000 built in 1930s and 1940s

Page 51: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners United States

• Pan American Scheduled service in 1927 Juan Trippe Secured monopoly rights on routes Passenger service across Pacific Ocean

• 1936• Prepared routes• Constructed bases

Page 52: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Commercial Airlines and Airliners Airships

• British Airships R. 100

• German Airships Graf Zeppelin Hearst funds Hindenberg

Commercial Aviation

Page 53: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Aviation Radio and Military Aviation Early Radios

• “Radios must be improved a lot”• 775 of 8,000 civil airlines• Only 326 two-way capability

Four-Course Radios• Two directional signals “N” & “A”• Figure 8 pattern• On-course signal – steady dash• Morse Code

Page 54: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Aviation Radio and Military Aviation Accidents

• Lack of familiarity with radio navigation

• Faulty reception• Dec 1936 – Jan 1937

5 airline crashes Martin Johnson

Page 55: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Aviation Radio and Military Aviation Pacific Radios

• Pan Am• Long-range direction-finding

equipment• Amelia Earhart flight

Page 56: Chapter 6 Golden Age 1927-1939. Golden Age of Flying Adventure Adventure Exploration Exploration Sport Sport Airplanes Airplanes Increased safetyIncreased

Military Aviation

Chaco War Abyssinia Spanish Civil War Nazi Germany Sino-Japanese Conflict Military Expansion