chapter 6 groups & formal organizations. section 1: primary & secondary groups
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 6Groups & Formal
Organizations
Section 1:
Primary & Secondary Groups
Groups, Categories & Aggregates
They are in regular contact with one another They share some ways of thinking, feeling or behaving.They take one another’s behavior into account.
••
•• They have one
Social category is people who share a social characteristic.
or more interests & goals in common
A social aggregate is peopletemporarily in the same place
at the same time.
Group is at least twopeople who have one ormore goals in common
and share common waysof thinking & behaving
Primary Groups
Primary relationships are interactions that are
intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling.
Primary group arepeople who are
emotionally close,know one anotherwell, and seek one
another’s company.
• What is a primary group?– Charles Horton Cooley first to use
How do primary groups develop?the term
•1.
2.3.4.
Small size
Face-to-face contactContinuous contactProper social environment
•
1.2.3.
What are the functions
Emotional supportSocializationEncourage conformity
of primary groups?
– William F. Whyte (1993)
Secondary Groups
• What are secondary relationshipslike?
Do secondary groups ever include
•primary relationships?
Secondary groups arepeople who share onlypart of their lives while
focusing on a goal or task.Secondary relationships
are impersonalinteractions involving
limited parts ofpersonalities.
Section 2:
Other Groups and Networks
Reference Groups
Reference groups are a groupuse for self-evaluation and theformation of attitudes, values,
beliefs, and norms.
In-Groups & Out-Groups
••
•
Where are these groups found?
What are group boundaries?How are group boundaries maintained?
In-groups are exclusivegroups demanding intense
loyalty.
Out-groups are groups targetsby an in-group for opposition,antagonism or competition.
In-Groups & Out Groups
Social Networks
••
Are social networks groups?
How strong are the ties innetwork?
a social
• What are thenetwork?
functions of social
Social networks are a web ofsocial relationships that join
a person to other people andgroups.
Section 3:
Types of Social Interaction
Five Types of Social Interaction
• Robert Nisbet (1988) dscribes 5 types of socialinteraction basic to group life:1.
2.3.4.5.
Cooperation
Conflict
Social Exchange Coercion Conformity
Cooperation
Cooperation is interaction inwhich individuals or groups
combine their efforts toreach a goal.
Conflict
Conflict is interactionaimed at defeating an
opponent.
• What are the social benefitsconflict?
– Georg Simmel (1858-1918)
of
Social exchange is avoluntary actionperformed in the
exception of gettinga reward in return.
Social Exchange
• Aristotle-
– All men, or most men, wish what is noble butchoose what is profitable; and while it is noble torender a service not with an eye to receiving onein return, it is profitable to receive one. Oneought, therefore, if one can, to return theequivalent of service received, and to do sowillingly.
What is the difference between cooperation and social exchange?
•
Coercion
Coercion is an interaction inwhich individuals or groups
are forced to behave in aparticular way.
• Opposite of social change
ConformityGroupthink is self-
deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to
group beliefs, and created by group pressure to
conform.
Conformity is thebehavior that matches
group expectations.
••
Do most people conform
What is groupthink?to group pressures?
Section 4:
Formal Organizations
The Nature of FormalOrganizations
How are formal organizations andbureaucracies related?
•
Formal organization is agroup deliberately created to
achieve one or more long-term goals.
A bureaucracy is a formalorganization based on
rationality and efficiency.
Major Characteristics ofBureaucracies
Power is theability to
control thebehavior of
others. 1. A division of labor based on theprinciple of specialization.
A hierarchy of authorityA system of rules and procedures. Written records of work and activitiesPromotion on the basis of meritand qualifications.
2.
3.4.
Authority isthe legitimate
or sociallyapproved use
of power.
5.
Max Weber & Bureaucracy
••
What are the advantages of bureaucracy?
Do bureaucracies undervalue people?
Rationalization is the mind-setemphasizing knowledge ,
reason, and planning.
Bureaucracy
Informal Structure WithinOrganizations
Informal organization is groups within a formal organization in which
personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization.
• When were informal organizationsfirst studies?
Why do informal organizations develop?
•
Iron Law of Oligarchy The Iron Law of Oligarchy is atheory that power
increasingly becomesconcentrated in the hands of
a few members of anyorganization.
••
What is the iron law of oligarchy?
Why does organization lead to oligarchy?– 1st organizations need a hierarchy of authority
to delegate decision making.
– 2nd the advantages held by those at the topallow them to consolidate their powers.
– 3rd Other members of the organization tend to defer to leaders– to give in to those who take charge.