8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 1/16

People-George Washington-the dominant military and political leader of thenew United States of America from 1775–1797, leading the Americanvictory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commanderin chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783, and presiding over the

writing of the Constitution in 1787. As the unanimous choice to serveas the first President of the United States (1789–1797),[Note 1] hedeveloped the forms and rituals of government that have been usedever since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inauguraladdress. The president built a strong, well-financed nationalgovernment that avoided war, suppressed rebellion and wonacceptance among Americans of all types. Acclaimed ever since as the"Father of his country", Washington, along with Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), has become a central icon of republican values, self sacrifice in the name of the nation, American nationalism and the idealunion of civic and military leadership.

Benedict Arnold-was a general during the American Revolutionary War.He began the war in the Continental Army but later defected to theBritish Army. While he was still a general on the American side, heobtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and plottedunsuccessfully to surrender it to the British. After the plot was exposedin September 1780, he entered the British Army as a brigadier general.

Gen. William Howe-a British army officer who rose to becomeCommander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. Howe was one of three brothers who enjoyed

distinguished military careers. Howe's record in the War of Independence was marked by the costly victorious assault on Breed'sHill known as the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia (the latter of which would havesignificant strategic implications).

Gen John Burgoye-During the Saratoga campaign he surrendered hisarmy of 5,000 men to the American troops. Appointed to command aforce that would capture Albany and end the rebellion, Burgoyneadvanced from Canada but soon found himself surrounded andoutnumbered. He fought two battles at Saratoga, but was forced to

open negotiations with Horatio Gates. Although he agreed to aconvention, on 17 October 1777, which would allow his troops to returnhome, this was subsequently revoked and his men were madeprisoners. Burgoyne faced criticism when he returned to Britain, andnever held another active command.

 Joseph Brant- a Mohawk military and political leader who was closelyassociated with Great Britain during and after the American Revolution.

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 2/16

He was perhaps the most well-known North American Indian of hisgeneration. He met many of the most significant people of the age,including George Washington and King George III. While not born into ahereditary leadership role within the Iroquois League, Brant rose toprominence thanks to his abilities and his connections to British

officials. Through his sister, Molly Brant, he was associated with SirWilliam Johnson, the influential British Indian agent in the province of New York. During the American Revolutionary War, Brant led Mohawkand colonial Loyalists against American revolutionaries in a bitterpartisan war on the New York frontier. During the war, he was accusedby the Americans of committing atrocities, charges that were latershown to be false. After the war, he relocated to Canada, where heremained a prominent leader.

Barron Von Steuben-was a Prussian aristocrat and military officer whoserved as inspector general and Major general of the Continental Army 

during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with teachingthe Continental Army the essentials of military drill and discipline.[2] He wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual, the book that becamethe standard United States drill manual until the War of 1812, andserved as General George Washington's chief of staff in the final yearsof the war.

George Rogers Clark-was a soldier from Virginia and the highestranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier duringthe American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky (then part of Virginia) militia throughout much of the war. Clark is bestknown for his celebrated captures of Kaskaskia (1778) and Vincennes (1779), which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory. Because the British ceded the entire Northwest Territory tothe United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Clark has often beenhailed as the "Conqueror of the Old Northwest."

Gen Cornwallis-In the United States and United Kingdom he is bestremembered as one of the leading British generals in the AmericanWar of Independence. His 1781 surrender to a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities inNorth America.

Abigail Adams-wife of  John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of  John Quincy Adams, the sixth.She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the secondFirst Lady of the United States. Adams is remembered for the many

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 3/16

letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequentlysought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters arefilled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. Theletters are invaluable eyewitness accounts of the Revolutionary War 

home front as well as excellent sources of political commentary.

 James Madison-an American politician and political philosopher whoserved as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and isconsidered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He wasthe principal author of the US Constitution, and is often called the"Father of the Constitution". In 1788, he wrote over a third of theFederalist Papers, the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first president to have served in the United States Congress, hewas a leader in the 1st United States Congress, drafting many basiclaws, and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the

Constitution and thus is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights".As a political theorist, Madison's most distinctive belief was that thenew republic needed checks and balances to protect individual rightsfrom the tyranny of the majority. As leader in the House of Representatives, Madison worked closely with President GeorgeWashington to organize the new federal government. Breaking with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican Party (later calledthe Democratic-Republican Party)[7] in opposition to key policies of theFederalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. He secretlyco-authored, along with Thomas Jefferson, the Kentucky and VirginiaResolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts.

 Terms:Loyalist (tories)- were against the whig party. 20% white. They agreedwith the cause of the rebellion and did not like the taxes, mch like thepariots but disagreed that independence was the only solution. Thetwo groups hated each other more than the patriots and thebritish.highest in New Jersey and New York. Small % of Canadians wereloyalist due to government set up. People in the states who thoughtthey would lose freedoms after independence joined tories.

Hessians-soldiers were eighteenth-century German regiments hiredthrough their rulers by the British Empire.They were called Hessians,because 12,992 of the total 30,067 men came from Hesse-Kassel. TheBritish use of Hessian troops rankled American sentiment, and pushedmore loyalists to be in favor of the revolution. The British use of foreigntroops to put down the rebellion was seen as insulting, as it treatedBritish subjects no differently than non-British subjects. Pro-British

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 4/16

 Tories believed that the British nature of Americans should haveentitled them to something other than mercenary foes.

Patriots (Whigs)-They called themselves Whigs after 1768, identifyingwith members of the British Whig Party, i.e., Radical Whigs and Patriot

Whigs, who favored similar colonial policies.As a group, Patriotsrepresented an array of social, economic, ethnic and racialbackgrounds. They included college students like Alexander Hamilton,planters like Thomas Jefferson, merchants like Alexander McDougall,and plain farmers like Daniel Shays and Joseph Plumb Martin.

Privateers- a private person or private warship authorized by acountry's government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping.Privateers were only entitled by their state to attack and rob enemyvessels during wartime. Privateers were part of naval warfare of some

nations from the 16th to the 19th century. The crew of a privateermight be treated as prisoners of war by the enemy country if captured. The costs of commissioning privateers was borne by investors hopingto gain a significant return from prize money earned from enemymerchants. It has been argued that privateering was a less destructiveand wasteful form of warfare, because the goal was to capture shipsrather than to sink them.The investors would arm the vessels andrecruit large crews, much larger than a merchantman or a naval vesselwould carry, in order to crew the prizes they captured. Privateersgenerally cruised independently, but it was not unknown for them toform squadrons, or to co-operate with the regular navy.

“Mobocracy”- political control by a mob

Seporation of Powers-devised by the framers of the Constitution wasdesigned to do one primary thing: to prevent the majority from rulingwith an iron fist. Based on their experience, the framers shied awayfrom giving any branch of the new government too much power. Threebranches are created in the Constitution. The Legislative, composed of the House and Senate, is set up in Article 1. The Executive, composed

of the President, Vice-President, and the Departments, is set up inArticle 2. The Judicial, composed of the federal courts and the SupremeCourt, is set up in Article 3. Each of these branches has certain powers,and each of these powers is limited, or checked, by another branch.

Checks and balances-The American constitutional system includes anotion known as the Separation of Powers. In this system, severalbranches of government are created and power is shared between

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 5/16

them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challengedby another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances isall about.

 There are three branches in the United States government as

established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes thelaw. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicialbranch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other.

Legislative Branch

Checks on the Executive

Impeachment power (House)

 Trial of impeachments (Senate)

Selection of the President (House) and Vice President (Senate)in the case of no majority of electoral votes

May override Presidential vetoes

Senate approves departmental appointments

Senate approves treaties and ambassadors

Approval of replacement Vice President

Power to declare war

Power to enact taxes and allocate funds

President must, from time-to-time, deliver a State of the Unionaddress

Checks on the Judiciary

Senate approves federal judges

Impeachment power (House)

 Trial of impeachments (Senate)

Power to initiate constitutional amendments

Power to set courts inferior to the Supreme Court

Power to set jurisdiction of courts

Power to alter the size of the Supreme Court

Checks on the Legislature - because it is bicameral, the Legislativebranch has a degree of self-checking.

Bills must be passed by both houses of Congress

House must originate revenue bills

Neither house may adjourn for more than three days withoutthe consent of the other house

All journals are to be publishedExecutive Branch

Checks on the Legislature

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 6/16

Veto power

Vice President is President of the Senate

Commander in chief of the military

Recess appointments

Emergency calling into session of one or both houses of 

CongressMay force adjournment when both houses cannot agree on

adjournment

Compensation cannot be diminished

Checks on the Judiciary

Power to appoint judges

Pardon power

Checks on the Executive

Vice President and Cabinet can vote that the President isunable to discharge his duties

 Judicial Branch

Checks on the Legislature

 Judicial review

Seats are held on good behavior

Compensation cannot be diminished

Checks on the Executive

 Judicial review

Chief Justice sits as President of the Senate during presidentialimpeachment

Federalism-a political concept in which a group of members are

bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing

representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a

system of the government in which sovereignty is constitutionally 

divided between a central governing authority and constituent political

units (like states or provinces). Federalism is a system in which the

power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state

governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents

are often called federalists.

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 7/16

Federalists-an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816, theera of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. TheFederalists controlled the federal government until 1801. The partywas formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington'sfirst term, built a network of supporters, largely urban bankers and

businessmen, to support his fiscal policies. These supporters grew intothe Federalist Party committed to a fiscally sound and nationalisticgovernment. The United States' only Federalist president was JohnAdams; although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to theFederalist program, he remained an independent his entire presidency. The Federalist policies called for a national bank, tariffs, and goodrelations with Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in1794. Their political opponents, the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, denounced most of the Federalistpolicies, especially the bank, and vehemently attacked the Jay Treatyas a sell-out of republican values to the British monarchy.

Anti-Federalist - goes against the concept of Federalism. In short, Anti-Federalists dictate that the central governing authority of a nationshould be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states (state government). A book titled "The Anti-Federalist Papers" is a detailed explanation of American Anti-Federalist thought.Anti-Federalism also refers to a movement that opposed the creationof a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed theratification of the Constitution of 1787. The previous constitution,called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments moreauthority. Led by Patrick Henry of Virginia, Anti-Federalists worried,among other things, that the position of president, then a novelty,might evolve into a monarchy.

Events-

Battles of Trenton & Princeton-

- Trenton: took place on December 26, 1776, during the AmericanRevolutionary War, after General George Washington's crossing of theDelaware River north of  Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossingin adverse weather made it possible for Washington to lead the mainbody of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at

 Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force wascaptured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battlesignificantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, andinspired re-enlistments. The Continental Army had previously sufferedseveral defeats in New York and had been forced to retreat throughNew Jersey to Pennsylvania. Morale in the army was low; to end theyear on a positive note, George Washington—Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army—devised a plan to cross the Delaware River on

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 8/16

Christmas night and surround the Hessian garrison. Because the riverwas icy and the weather severe, the crossing proved dangerous. Twodetachments were unable to cross the river, leaving Washington andthe 2,400 men under his command alone in the assault. The armymarched 9 miles (14 km) south to Trenton. The Hessians had lowered

their guard, thinking they were safe from the American army, and didnot post a dawn sentry. After having a Christmas feast, they fellasleep. Washington's forces caught them off guard and, before theHessians could resist, they were taken prisoner. Almost two thirds of the 1,500-man garrison was captured, and only a few troops escapedacross Assunpink Creek. Despite the battle's small numbers, theAmerican victory inspired rebels in the colonies. With the success of the revolution in doubt a week earlier, the army had seemed on theverge of collapse. The dramatic victory inspired soldiers to servelonger and attracted new recruits to the ranks.

-Princeton:went to attack the British garrison at Princeton. Brigadier

General Hugh Mercer, of the Continental Army, clashed with tworegiments under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood of the British Army. Mercer and his troops were overrun andWashington sent some militia under General John Cadwalader to helphim. The militia, on seeing the flight of Mercer's men, also began toflee. Washington rode up with reinforcements and rallied the fleeingmilitia. He then led the attack on Mawhood's troops, driving them back.Mawhood gave the order to retreat and most of the troops tried to fleeto Cornwallis in Trenton.

After entering Princeton, the Americans began to loot the

abandoned British supply wagons and the town itself.[38] With newsthat Cornwallis was approaching, Washington knew he had to leavePrinceton. Washington wanted to push onto New Brunswick andcapture a British pay chest of 70,000 pounds but Major Generals HenryKnox and Nathanael Greene talked him out of it.[39] Instead,Washington moved his army to Somerset Courthouse and in thefollowing days, to Morristown, arriving on January 6, at 5:00 PM.[3][39]After the battle, Cornwallis abandoned many of his posts in New Jersey,and ordered his army to retreat to New Brunswick.

Battle of Saratoga-conclusively decided the fate of British General John Burgoyne's army in the American Revolutionary War, (knownoutside the US as the American War of Independence) and aregenerally regarded as a turning point in the war. The battles werefought eighteen days apart on the same ground, nine miles (14.5 km)south of Saratoga, New York. Burgoyne, whose campaign to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due tologistical problems, won a small tactical victory over General Horatio

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 9/16

Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman's Farm at the cost of significant casualties. His gains wereerased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battleof Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the Britishdefenses. Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat, and his army

was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga,forcing him to surrender on October 17. News of Burgoyne's surrenderwas instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as anAmerican ally, having previously given supplies, ammunition and guns,notably the de Valliere which played an important role in Saratoga.[8] French formal participation changed the war to a global conflict. Thisbattle also resulted in Spain contributing to the war on the Americanside.

 The first battle, on September 19, began when Burgoyne moved someof his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American positionon Bemis Heights. Benedict Arnold, anticipating the maneuver, placed

significant forces in his way. While Burgoyne succeeded in gainingcontrol of Freeman's Farm, it came at the cost of significant casualties.Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle, while Burgoynewaited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New YorkCity. Militia forces continued to arrive, swelling the size of theAmerican army. Disputes within the American camp led Gates to stripArnold of his command.

Concurrent with the first battle, American troops also attacked Britishpositions in the area of Fort Ticonderoga, and bombarded the fort for afew days before withdrawing. British General Sir Henry Clinton, in an

attempt to divert American attention from Burgoyne, capturedAmerican forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6, but hisefforts were too late to help Burgoyne. Burgoyne attacked BemisHeights again on October 7 after it became apparent he would notreceive relieving aid in time. In heavy fighting, marked by Arnold'sspirited rallying of the American troops (in open defiance of orders tostay off the battlefield), Burgoyne's forces were thrown back to thepositions they held before the September 19 battle, and the Americanscaptured a portion of the entrenched British defenses.

Battle (surrender) of Yorktown-1781 was a decisive victory bycombined assault of American forces led by General GeorgeWashington and French forces led by the Comte de Rochambeau overa British Army commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. Itproved to be the last major land battle of the American RevolutionaryWar in North America, as the surrender of Cornwallis's army promptedthe British government eventually to negotiate an end to the conflict.

In 1780, 5,500 French soldiers landed in Rhode Island to assist their

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 10/16

American allies in operations against British-controlled New York City.Following the arrival of dispatches from France that included thepossibility of support from the French West Indies fleet of the Comte de Grasse, Washington and Rochambeau decided to ask de Grasse forassistance either in besieging New York, or in military operations

against a British army operating in Virginia. On the advice of Rochambeau, de Grasse informed them of his intent to sail to theChesapeake Bay, where Cornwallis had taken command of the army.Cornwallis, at first given confusing orders by his superior officer, HenryClinton, was eventually ordered to make a defensible deep-water port,which he began to do at Yorktown, Virginia. Cornwallis's movements inVirginia were shadowed by a Continental Army force led by theMarquis de Lafayette. After initial preparations, the Americans andFrench built their first parallel and began the bombardment. With theBritish defense weakened, Washington on October 14, 1781 sent twocolumns to attack the last major remaining British outer defenses. A

French column took redoubt #9 and an American column redoubt #10.With these defenses taken, the allies were able to finish their secondparallel.[citation needed ] With the American artillery closer and moreintense than ever, the British situation began to deteriorate rapidly andCornwallis asked for capitulation terms on the 17th. After two days of negotiation, the surrender ceremony took place on the 19th, withCornwallis being absent since he claimed to be ill. With the capture of over 8,000 British soldiers, negotiations between the United States andGreat Britain began, resulting in the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

Treaty of Paris (1785)-September 3, 1783, ratified by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, and by the King of GreatBritain on April 9, 1784 (the ratification documents were exchanged inParis on May 12, 1784), formally ended the American RevolutionaryWar between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America, which had rebelled against British rule. The other combatantnations, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic had separateagreements; , and the negotiations which produced all fourtreaties,Peace of Paris (1783).

Articles of Confederation-was the first constitution of the United Statesof America and specified how the national government was to operate. The Second Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft theArticles in June 1776 and sent the draft to the states for ratification inNovember 1777.[1] In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in1777. The ratification process was completed in March 1781. Under theArticles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmentalfunctions not specifically relinquished to the national government.

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 11/16

On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare adraft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second ContinentalCongress resolved to appoint a committee of thirteen to prepare adraft of a constitution for a confederate type of union. The last draft of the Articles was written in the summer of 1777 and the Second

Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the States onNovember 15, 1777, after a year of debate. In practice, the final draftof the Articles served as the de facto system of government used bythe Congress ("the United States in Congress assembled") until itbecame de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781; at which pointCongress became the Congress of the Confederation. The Articles setthe rules for operations of the United States government. It wascapable of making war, negotiating diplomatic agreements, andresolving issues regarding the western territories. Article XIII stipulatedthat "their provisions shall be inviolably observed by every state" and"the Union shall be perpetual".

 The Articles were created by the representatives of the states in theSecond Continental Congress out of a perceived need to have "a planof confederacy for securing the freedom, sovereignty, andindependence of the United States." Nationalists led by GeorgeWashington and Alexander Hamilton felt that the Articles lacked thenecessary provisions for a sufficiently effective government. There wasno president or executive agencies or judiciary. There was no tax base. There was no way to pay off state and national debts from the waryears. In 1788, with the approval of Congress, the Articles werereplaced by the United States Constitution and the new governmentbegan operations in 1789.

Shays Rebellion-an armed uprising in central and westernMassachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion isnamed after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolution wholed the rebels, known as "Shaysites" or "Regulators". Most of Shays'compatriots were poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes.Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor'sprisons or the claiming of property by the government. Seeking debtrelief through the issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, theyattempted to prevent the courts from seizing property from indebted

farmers by forcing the closure of courts in western Massachusetts. Theparticipants in Shays' Rebellion believed they were acting in the spiritof the Revolution and modeled their tactics after the crowd activities of the 1760s and 1770s, using "liberty poles" and "liberty trees" tosymbolize their cause. The rebellion started on August 29, 1786, andby January 1787, over 1000 Shaysites had been arrested. A militia thathad been raised as a private army defeated an attack on the federalSpringfield Armory by the main Shaysite force on February 3, 1787,

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 12/16

and four rebels were killed in the action. There was a lack of aninstitutional response to the uprising, which energized calls toreevaluate the Articles of Confederation and gave strong impetus tothe Philadelphia Convention which began in May 17, 1787. Shays'Rebellion produced fears that the Revolution’s democratic impulse had

gotten out of hand.

Land Ordinance of 1785-adopted by the United States Congress onMay 20, 1785. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress did nothave the power to raise revenue by direct taxation of the inhabitants of the United States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance wasto raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmappedterritory west of the original states acquired at the 1783 peace treatythat ended the Revolutionary War. Over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States ultimately came under the rectangular

survey. This was important because it provided easily recognized landdescriptions, which in turn contributed enormously to the orderly andlargely peaceful occupation of the land. The rectangular survey alsoprovided the units within which economic, political, and socialdevelopment took place.

 The Ordinance of 1784 was a resolution written by Thomas Jefferson calling for Congress to take action. The land west of the AppalachianMountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River was to be divided into ten separate states. However, the 1784resolution did not define the mechanism by which the land wouldbecome states, or how the territories would be governed or settled

before they became states. The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling andsettling the land while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 addressedpolitical needs.

 The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. The Land Ordinance established the basisfor the Public Land Survey System. The initial surveying was performedby Thomas Hutchins. After he died in 1789, responsibility for surveyingwas transferred to the Surveyor General. Land was to besystematically surveyed into square townships, six miles (9.656 km) on

a side. Each of these townships were sub-divided into thirty-sixsections of one square mile (2.59 km²) or 640 acres. These sectionscould then be further subdivided for re-sale by settlers and landspeculators.

 The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism forfunding public education. Section 16 in each township was reserved forthe maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are still locatedin section sixteen of their respective townships, although a great many

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 13/16

of the school sections were sold to raise money for public education.Later Section 36 of each township was also designated as a "schoolsection".

Northwest Ordinance of 1787-put the world on notice not only thatthe land north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi would besettled but that it would eventually become part of the United States.Until then this area had been temporarily forbidden to development.Increasing numbers of settlers and land speculators were attracted towhat are now the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan andWisconsin. This pressure together with the demand from the Ohio LandCompany, soon to obtain vast holdings in the Northwest, prompted theCongress to pass this Ordinance The area opened up by the Ordinancewas based on lines originally laid out in 1784 by Thomas Jefferson inhis Report of Government for Western Lands. The Ordinance provided

for the creation of not less than three nor more than five states. Inaddition, it contained provisions for the advancement of education, themaintenance of civil liberties and the exclusion of slavery. Above all,the Northwest Ordinance accelerated the westward expansion of theUnited States.

Constitutional Convention of 1787-also known as the PhiladelphiaConvention,[1] the Federal Convention,[1] or the GrandConvention at Philadelphia) took place from May 25 to September17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems ingoverning the United States of America, which had been operating

under the Articles of Confederation following independence from GreatBritain. Although the Convention was purportedly intended only torevise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison andAlexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fixthe existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to presideover the convention. The result of the Convention was the UnitedStates Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significantevents in the history of the United States.

Virginia Plan-was a proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by JamesMadison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at theConstitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notablefor its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the conventionand, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weightedrepresentation in the proposed national legislature. instead alegislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature),with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 14/16

lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would berepresented in proportion to their “Quotas of contribution, or to thenumber of free inhabitants.”[6] States with a large population, likeVirginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thushave more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported

this plan, and smaller states, which feared losing substantial power inthe national government, generally opposed it, preferring analternative put forward by the New Jersey delegation on June 15. TheNew Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which eachstate, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the ConnecticutCompromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned bypopulation and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.

New Jersey Plan-(also known as the Small State or Paterson Plan) was a

proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposedby William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for twohouses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according topopulation or direct taxes paid.[2] The less populous states wereadamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the nationalgovernment to the larger states, and so proposed an alternate planthat would have given one vote per state for equal representationunder one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature). This was acompromise for the issue of the houses. This plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph. When the Connecticut

Compromise (or "Great Compromise") was constructed, the New JerseyPlan's legislative body was used as the model for the United StatesSenate. Under the New Jersey Plan, the organization of the legislaturewas similar to that of the modern day United Nations and other likeinstitutions. This position reflected the belief that the states wereindependent entities, and, as they entered the United States of America freely and individually, so they remained. The New Jersey planalso gave power to regulate trade and to raise money by taxing foreigngoods.

Ultimately, the New Jersey Plan was rejected as a basis for a newconstitution. The Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New

 Jersey plan were added. In the Senate each state would be representedequally while the House of Representatives votes would be distributedaccording to population.

Great (CT) Compromise-Sherman's Compromise) was an agreementbetween large and small states reached during the ConstitutionalConvention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 15/16

representation that each state would have under the United StatesConstitution. It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in thecurrent United States Senate and House of Representatives. In favor of the larger states, membership in the lower house, as in the VirginiaPlan, was to be allocated in proportion to state population and

candidates were to be nominated and elected by the people of eachstate. A census of all inhabitants of the United States was to be takenevery 10 years. Also all bills for raising taxes, spending orappropriating money, and setting the salaries of Federal officers wereto originate in the lower house and be unamendable by the upperhouse. In exchange, membership in the upper house, however, wasmore similar to the New Jersey Plan and was to be allocated two seatsto each state, regardless of size, with members being chosen by thestate legislatures. Members of the Upper House, or Senators, wereelected by the State Legislature until the ratification of theSeventeenth Amendment, which called for the direct election of 

Senators by the people. The compromise passed after eleven days of debate by one vote—fiveto four.

3/5ths Clause (Compromise)-a compromise between Southern andNorthern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 inwhich three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted forenumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and theapportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger 

Sherman.

Delegates opposed to slavery generally wished to count only the freeinhabitants of each state. Delegates supportive of slavery, on the otherhand, generally wanted to count slaves in their actual numbers. Sinceslaves could not vote, slaveholders would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College. Thefinal compromise of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers reduced the power of the slave states relative tothe original southern proposals, but increased it over the northernposition.

The Federalist (Papers) -

a series of 85 articles or essays advocating the ratification of theUnited States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the essays werepublished serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788. A compilation of these andeight others, called The Federalist; or, The New Constitution, was

8/7/2019 Chapter 6 hot seat

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-6-hot-seat 16/16

published in two volumes in 1788 by J. and A. McLean.[1] The series'correct title is The Federalist ; the title The Federalist Papers did notemerge until the twentieth century.

 The Federalist remains a primary source for interpretation of the U.S.Constitution, as the essays outline a lucid and compelling version of 

the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government.[2] The authors of The Federalist wanted both to influence the vote infavor of ratification and to shape future interpretations of theConstitution. According to historian Richard B. Morris, they are an"incomparable exposition of the Constitution, a classic in politicalscience unsurpassed in both breadth and depth by the product of anylater American writer."