Chapter 6

What is a noun?

persons, places, things, ideas, states or qualities

Marcus cibum conspict. Marcus catches sight of the food.

Flavia ancillam conspict. Flavia catches sight of the slave-woman.

Pollux arborem conspict.

Pollux catches sight of the tree.

declensions 1st 2nd 3rd

sing. plural sing. plural sing. plural

nominative

genitive -

dative

accusative

ablative

Cases = part of speech

nominative subject

genitive shows possession - 's, of . . .

dative indirect object - to, for . . .

accusative direct object, object of a preposition

ablative object of a preposition

What is a verb? a word that expresses an action, state or condition

What does a verb tell?

what a subject is or does

What does tense mean? time of the verb

How many persons do verbs have?

three

How does English indicate the person of a verb?

use of a personal pronoun

Latin singular

English singular

Latin plural

English plural

1st: -o I -mus we

2nd: -s you -tis you all

3rd: -t he, she, it

-nt they

nos we

ego I

tu you

vos you all

What is an verb infinitive?

a form a verb without person or number

to walk to love

to prepare to watch to carry

What two letters does a Latin infinitive end in?

-re to walk ambulāre to love amāre to prepare parāre to watch spectāre to carry portāre

volo

nolo

paras

potest

vult

parat

non vult

I want . . .

I don’t want . . .

you prepare . . .

he is able . . .

he wants . . .

he prepares . . .

he does not want .

. .

Activity 1 - underline the infinitive, circle the verb it completes and translate

1. Ego ad villam currere volo. 2. Ancilla cibum coquere vult. 3. Ego cubiculum purgāre nolo.

4. Servus in agris laborāre non vult. 5. Tu cibum coquere paras. 6. Sub arbore sedēre potest.

What is an impersonal verbal phrase?

a phrase that uses it for the person of the verb

What type of verb does a verbal phrase usually occur with?

an infinitive reprehendere

How is an impersonal verbal phrase always

translated?

with the pronoun it

necesse est

it is necessary

Necesse est Latinos verbos studere.

It is necessary to study Latin words.

What is meant by gender?

grammatical classification of a word as either masculine, feminine or neuter

In English: nouns are not classified according to grammatical

gender, some nouns however have natural gender based on the biological sex of the

person or animal.

In Latin: natural gender - all words

referring to males are masculine

deus god puer boy Juppiter Jupiter vir man

all words referring to females are feminine:

mater mother regina queen Juno Juno femina woman

most nouns ending in -a are feminine

most nouns ending in -us are masculine

Grammatical gender - unrelated to biological sex masculine feminine neuter book boat river chariot tree temple army courage gift field country animal

What is an adjective? a word used to describe a

noun or tell about its character

tired slave slow horse

What three things must an adjective agree with the

noun it is describing?

case - nominative or accusative

number - singular or plural

gender - masculine, feminine, neuter

laetus, laeta defessus, defessa iratus, irata magnus, magna infirmus, infirma frigidus, frigida temerarius, temeraria

happy tired angry large, loud weak, shaky cold, cool rash, reckless

vicinus, vicina strenuus, strenua molestus, molesta sollictus, sollicta calidus, calida ignavus, ignava perterritus, perterrita

neighboring active, energetic annoying anxious, worried warm cowardly, lazy frightened

Davus est servus defessus.

Davus is a tired slave.

Ancilla est defessa.

The slave woman is tired.

Pueri sunt molesti.

The boys are annoying.

Puellae sunt laetae.

The girls are happy.

The gender of many nouns is

difficult to predict, but you

can tell by looking at the

adjective used to describe

the noun.

Magnus clamor in horto est.

A loud noise is in the garden.

The -us of magnus shows the clamor is masculine

Arbor est magna.

The tree is large.

The -a of magna tells us the arbor is feminine

Activity 2 – Tell the gender of each noun below:

1. Aurelia ______ 6. piscina _______ 11. amica ______

2. stola ______ 7. toga ______ 12. Sextus ______

3. Davus ______ 8. ramus ______ 13. servus ______

4. amicus ______ 9. vir ______ 14. palla ______

5. Cornelius_____ 10. aqua ______ 15. cibus ______

Activity 3 – In each of the following sentences, write N over each noun and ADJ over each adjective. Draw arrows from adjectives to the nouns they describe. Give the gender (m = masculine or f = feminine) of the modified noun. Then translate sentence.

1. Davus semper est sollicitus. Gender: _____ 2. Multae arbores in agris sunt. Gender: ____

3. Sextus magnam arborem ascendit. Gender: ___ 4. Puellae defessae iam dormiunt. Gender: ___ 5. Rami sunt infirmi. Gender: _____ 6. Sextus ignavus non est. Gender: ______

7. Nihil puerum laetum terret. Gender: _____ 8. Sextus ex arbore cadit et magnum fragorem facit. Gender: _____ 9. Puellae magnam vocem audiunt. Gender: ____ 10. Puellae sollicitae sunt et ad Sextum currunt. Gender: _________

11. Sextus est salvus. Gender: _________ 12. Aqua est calida. Gender: _________ 13. Cibus est frigidus. Gender: _________ 14. Pater in villā scribit sollicitus. Gender: _________

Activity 4 – Translate each sentence: 1. Cornelia magnum fragorem audit. 2. Pueri sunt laeti. 3. Puella sollicta magnam vocem audit. 4. Sextus est puer strenuus. 5. Davus puerum strenuum non amat.

6. Pueri ad villam vicinam currunt. 7. Puellae laetae in agris errant. 8. Nunc necesse est surgere quod lucet. 9. Mox omnes surgunt quod strenue laborāre necesse est.