Chapter 6

Phrases

Chapter 6: Grammar Safari

Find a ‘real-life’ complex verb phrase Identify all of the components of the VP

Auxillaries (modal, tense, HAVE, BE) & Main Draw out the tree to show us how it works

You will need information from the later parts of the chapter to finish this one…

Example I would have been going to see the

movie. + VP tree (to be discussed…)

Subject & Predicate Division?

The androokers plurked and urkled beside the broofled lumphet.

A B C

D

Get Some Exercise Underline the subjects below

A lion ate an antelope under the tree. Students have always dreaded tests. Usually, people find Bill Cosby funny.

Test yourself Substitute a pronoun for the

underlined section in each sentence above.

Subj / Predicate Division?

1. Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences 2. Use tag, Y/N question or substitution

tests

The trees that covered the mountains

were turning colors: yellow, red & purple.

A B

C D

Subj / Predicate Division?

1. Identify Subj/Pred. in the sentences 2. Use tag, Y/N question or substitution

tests

The test, which I had been dreading for weeks, turned out to be simple after all.

A B

C D

Phrase types & Constituency

Constituent Words that hang together (in Phrases)

Common Phrase Types NP the lamp VP might have been turned (on) ADJP (the) red and white polka dot (lamp) ADVP (the lamp shone) extremely brightly

Exercise

Divide and label: NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP

The mermaids lived under the sea. They were very happy. Sailors told mermaid stories to their

kids.

Parse the Sentence…

It suddenly occurred to Bob that the origin of

life debate might run longer than expected.

Subject, Predicate; NP, MVP, ADJP, ADVP (& PP, Rel.P)

Overview - Principle Verbal Inflections

Base form {-∞} Follows “to” or “MODAL” No ‘time’ implications

Simple Present Tense {-s} ‘NOW’ (Prototypically)

Simple Past Tense {-ed} ‘BEFORE’

Progressive Form {-ing} ‘ONGOING’ (AKA Pres. Participle)

Participle Form {-en} ‘COMPLETED (AKA Past Participle)

@ UNKNOWN TIME’

Indicators:

| current time

tem

poral focus

Reinforcing the inflections reviewed in Chpt 3…

Work It Out… Exercise 6.4 Page 165 Answer these questions:

1. What verb form follows BE? 2. What verb form follows HAVE?3. What verb form follows a modal?4. Which verb (or helping verb) shows

tense?1st, 2nd, or 3rd… NOTE: “Tense” in the ‘formal’

sense…

5. What’s funky about tense with a modal?6. In what order do AUX verbs appear?

1st, 2nd, 3rd…

• Ignore book’s directions. • Answer questions below

using the exercise sentences

see previous slide…

Base form {-∞}

It might _____ (something/good/well).

She wants to _____ (something/good).

(find 1 below)

Simple Present Tense {-s}

He _____ (something/good/well) sometimes.

Simple Present Tense?

Looks like the “Dissolve” transition in my presentation needs adjustingHow many present

tense verbs?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

Simple Past Tense {-ed}

He _____ (something/good/well) then.

Simple Past Tense?

How many“pasts”?

A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

The boy below is a space alien who traded places with Calvin…

Progressive Form [be + -ing]

(AKA Present Participle Aspect) They are _____ (something/good/well) now.

Progressive?

How many “progressives”?

A. 1B. 2

C. 3D. 4

Participle Form [have + -en] (AKA Present Participle Aspect)

We have [always] _____ (something/good/well).

Participial?

How many “participles”?

A. 1B. 2

C. 3D. 4

Chuck should never have tried to teach Chester to drive.

How many BASE verbs? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

How many “Simple Presents”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D = 8

How many “Simple Pasts”? A= 5, B = 6, C = 7, D = 8

How many “Progressives”? A= 1, B = 2, C = 3, D = 4

How many “Participles”? A= 0, B = 1, C = 2, D = 3

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Auxiliary Verbs AKA “helping Verbs”

HAVE BE May also be ‘MAIN’ verbs DO

Modals Never ‘true verb’ CAN, WILL, SHALL, MAY, Must, Ought

}

Identify the AUX & MAIN Verbs

Did someone say we should be leaving? I have been wanting to leave since 8:30. This must be the longest party of the

year. Our host will not do this again.

NOTE: Each clause has its own verbs…

For more practice look at Exercise 5.4

Remember the Rules? -ing form comes after BE -en form comes after HAVE ∞ (base) form comes after a Modal 1st verb in the MVP shows the tense Modals’ tense ≠ time information Order of optional Auxiliaries:

1. (Modal+ -∞)2. (HAVE + -en)3. (BE + -ing)

Main Verb Phrase Structure

MVP

AUX MV

TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en])(BE + [-ing])(past or (Participle) (Progressive)present)

Putting the Tree to Work…

MVP

AUX MV

TENSE (Modal+[∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (BE + [-ing]) (past or (Participle) (Progressive)present)

Past

Past + Drive

Drive

Drove

Putting the Tree to Work…

MVP

AUX MV

Past + HAVE + -en + drive Past + BE + -ing + drivePast + SHALL + BE + -ing + drive

TENSE (Modal+[∞])(HAVE + [-en])(BE + (-ing])(past or (Participle) (Progressive)present)

‘Never’ is movable…

Infinitives masquerade

as other parts of

speech…

Chuck should never have tried

to teach his dog to drive.

Parse the

Verb Phrase

Hints:

Get Some Exercise (6.5)

Write the following as normal English sentences:

I + past + come + to class today

Concerned students + pres + will + BE + [-ing] + study

Jo + past + Shall +[∞] + HAVE + [-en] + BE +[-ing] + eat

Get Some MORE Exercise (6.7)

Make sentences using the verb parts:

Tense Modal+∞ HAVE+en BE+ing MV

Joe past will ---- B+ing study

Joe pres ---- H+en ---- eat

Joe past may H+en B+ing talk

Get Some Exercise (6.6)

Identify the verb parts: Tense, Modal {+∞}, Have {+en}, BE {+ing}, Main Verb

All of the runners finished the race.

Fred is being friendly.

George should have been watching TV.

How many verbal elements?

How many “elements” inside the box?

A. 1B. 2

C. 3D. 4

Think about the Tense…

After this we research for more information to go with what we already knew…

Any errors? Any suggestions for revision?

Error Safari

1. The Picture Exchange Communication

2. System is useful to start language skills

3. as well as providing those students

4. who not talk a way of communication.

1. Find the Error2. Explain it3. Fix it

Where is the error? – Choose the line #

A. 1B. 2

C. 3D. 4

Any Questions…

…before we move on?

Passive Voice…

Takes an Object makes it a Subject

Called “voice” -- acts like ‘formal tense’

Rhetorical purpose… Confusability… Dave’s take…

See pages 242 ff..

Oldest tree in Versailles pulled down after 324 years

Wed Feb 9,11:28 AM ET  Science - AFP

VERSAILLES, France (AFP) - The oldest tree in the grounds of the palace of Versailles -- Marie-Antoinette's oak -- was pulled down more than 320 years after it was planted.

Same Idea – Different Focus

Form 1 Form 2

Meaning 1

A groundskeeper cut down Marie-Antoinette's oak

Marie Antoinette's oak was cut down by a groundskeeper

The tree is gone

MVP Structure w/Passive

MVP

AUX MV

TENSE (Modal+[-∞]) (HAVE + [-en]) (BE +[-ing]) (BE +[-en])(Past or (Participle) (Progressive) (Passive)Present)

Active Passive Steps

1. The original D.O. becomes the subject2. BE + en is added to the verb (also “GET + en”)

3. The original Subj is placed in a BY phrase *** Optional ***

boys ate | pizza

The

the

pizza was eaten The

by boys the

Passive Tree – Part I

S

NP VP

NP

Art N V Art N

The boys ate the pizza

+ BY

Passive Tree – Part II S

NP VP

NP

Art N Aux MV X

The pizza was eaten

Optional BY phrase

goes here…

Passive

BE + -en OR

GET + -en

Descriptive Passive Rules

1. A verb with no auxiliary is active2. When the main verb ends in

–ing, it must be active3. If an –en main verb is preceded by

a form of HAVE, it must be active4. If the main verb is not transitive (MVtr),

it must be active5. If an –en main verb is preceded by

a form of BE (or GET), it is passive

Passive?

1 2 3 4

A. 1B. 2

C. 3D. 4

Reasons to use Passive Don’t know the identity of the subject Know identity – don’t want to tell Identity is very obvious from context Identity isn’t important Focus on the object/result of an activity

Applying the rules: Active or Passive?

The ball was thrown by Philip I finally finished my homework Amy’s car was stolen during the night I have eaten too much again We were studying for the exam

Find the Error

Within these dialects are words that are acceptable to be spoken, but are not acceptable to be written.

What has the author done wrong? What has been done right?

Wrapping It Up

Review Exercises (pg. 190 – 192)

Practical Applications (p. 192 – 193)