chapter 6 section 5. sharecroppers after reconstruction, many african americans were very poor and...
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Chapter 6Section 5
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Sharecroppers
• After Reconstruction, many African Americans were very poor and lived under great hardship.
• Most were sharecroppers, or landless farmers.
• They worked the land and turned over a large part of their crop to the landlord to pay for rent and supplies.
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Benjamin “Pap” Singleton
• In 1879, Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, who had formerly been enslaved, organized a large migration of African Americans from the rural South to Kansas.
• They became known as the Exodusters.
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Politics
• Some African Americans joined with the poor white farmers in the Farmers’ Alliance.
• In 1886, a group formed the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance.
• Many African Americans joined the Populist Party in 1891.
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Democrat Fears
• Democrats feared the coalition of poor whites and African American Populists.
• To break it up, Democratic leaders began to appeal to racism.
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Democrat Fears
• They warned southern whites that the Populist Party would bring back “Black Republican” rule.
• They made it sound like the return of the Reconstruction period.
• In addition, election officials found ways to make it difficult for African Americans to vote.
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Fifteenth Amendment
• An amendment is a change in the U.S. Constitution or sometimes the Constitution needs to be clarified.
• The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited states from denying people the right to vote based on race, color, or former servitude, but not based on other grounds.
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Restricting Voting • Soon, states began imposing
other voting restrictions that were planned to keep African Americans from voting.
• Mississippi charged a $2 poll tax, a sum beyond the means of most poor African Americans.
• Basically, people could not afford to vote.
• It also required that voters be able to read and understand the state constitution.
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Restricting Voting
• With few schooling opportunities, even those African Americans who could read often failed the tests.
• The whites in the south made the tests very hard to pass. • Other Southern states used similar strategies. • Election officials were less strict in applying the rules to
white voters.• They used “grandfather clause or items” to help white
voters who could not afford to pay a poll tax or pass a literacy test. – If they had a relative who voted before the law was passed,
they could still vote.
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Jim Crow laws
• In the South, laws enforced separation of the races, or segregation.
• These laws were called Jim Crow laws.
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Legalizing Segregation • Supreme Court is the highest
court in the land, their decisions cannot be overturned.
• Two Supreme Court decisions set the stage for legalized segregation.
• In 1883, the Court reversed the Civil Rights Act of 1875.
• It held the Fourteenth Amendment covered only state actions, so private businesses such as hotels or railroads could legally practice segregation.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
• In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), the Court ruled that “separate but equal” facilities were legal. Separate facilities were often far from equal.
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Violent Mobs
• African Americans increasingly faced mob violence or lynching's. These executions by mobs occurred without proper court action.
• People who caused the lynching's were not held responsible for their crimes?
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Ida B. Wells
• In 1892, Ida B. Wells, an African American woman from Tennessee, started a campaign against lynching.
• She published a book condemning the mob violence.
• Wells called for a fair trial for those accused of crimes.
• The number of lynching's decreased in the 1900s due in part to her work.
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Booker T. Washington • Booker T. Washington was a well-
known African American educator. • He believed African Americans
should try to achieve economic (jobs and money) rather than political goals (voting).
• In 1895, Washington summed up his views in a speech called the Atlanta Compromise.
• He urged African Americans to delay the fight for civil rights.
• He said they should focus instead on vocational education and jobs to prepare themselves for equal treatment.
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W.E.B. DuBois• Other African American
leaders such as W.E.B. DuBois rejected (or did not like) Washington’s ideas.
• DuBois believed African Americans could achieve equality only by demanding their rights, especially voting rights.
• Many African Americans continued to work to restore the right to vote and to end discrimination.