chapter 6 summary and conclusions 6.1. summary...
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CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
6.1. SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
The sago processing industries produce high water pollution, as it generates
large amounts of wastewater with high concentrations of organic pollutants and
rich in carbohydrates, usually poses a problem for its disposal into the
environment. The most widely used biological treatment process for domestic and
industrial wastewaters is the conventional activated sludge process. However, the
disadvantage of this process is high sludge production. The cost of handling,
treatment and disposal of the excess sludge is about 40-65% of the costs of
wastewater treatment. Uncoupling metabolism was developed as an alternative
solution to decrease excess sludge production in sago processing wastewater,
which seems to be feasible ie, low-price, ease to control and non-toxic. Ozonation
is an effective method for treating sago wastewater. Since ozone is a very
powerful oxidant mainly used for disinfection process, and it has a strong cell lytic
activity, which is also studied.
Aminophenol is selected as metabolic uncoupler successfully applied for
reduction of excess sludge production. Studies were conducted to find the effect of
process variables such as pH (X1): 4-10, aminophenol concentration (X2): 1-20 mg
L-1 and retention time (X3): 20 days on analysed parameters such as VSS, MLSS,
SS, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate and starch reduction in
aerated and without aerated condition using RSM model for the optimization of
the operating condition. Also studied the combined effect of these variables using
statistically designed experiments. The statistical significance of the results
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obtained were tested for ANOVA and it showed that the coefficient determination
value, (R2) of VSS, MLSS, SS, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate
and starch reduction were 0.7992, 0.8980, 0.8827, 0.9023, 0.8678, 0.9254, 0.8179,
0.9829 and 0.8819 respectively in aeration and 0.9867, 0.9319, 0.9474, 0.9175,
0.8234, 0.9584, 0.7716, 0.8832 and 0.7904 in without aeration. It indicates that the
equation adequately represents the relationship between the response and the
significant variables and F and p values shows that the statistically significant.
By applying RSM, the optimum values were calculated. Experimental
findings were in close agreement with the model prediction. Maximum reduction
of VSS (100%), MLSS (87%), SS (100%), COD (100%), phosphate (100%),
nitrate (100%), sulphate (100%), carbohydrate (100%) and starch (100%) in
aerated and without aerated condition showed maximum reduction of VSS
(100%), MLSS (85%), SS (71%), COD (100%), phosphate (100%), nitrate (93%),
sulphate (100%), carbohydrate (100%) and starch (100%) were achieved at acidic
pH. At neutral pH, the efficiency of aminophenol was low when compared with
that of acidic and alkaline pH. Variation of aminophenol concentration and
retention time were highly effective for sludge reduction as well as parameters
reduction. Maximum reduction was obtained under aerated condition while
compare to without aerated condition. Model has been developed for observed
growth yield (Yobs) for calculating the sludge yield and maximum reduction on
sludge yield was observed in with aeration. Further more aerated and without
aerated samples showed less amount of microorganisms than control. From this
study, it was concluded that reduction of sludge production in sago processing
wastewater using metabolic uncoupler process is very effective and the variables
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214
pH, concentration of aminophenol, and retention time were highly influenced the
sludge reduction.
Ozonation process was successfully employed for reduction of excess
sludge production. RSM model was used for the optimization of the operating
condition for maximizing the VSS and COD reduction in ozonation condition.
ANOVA results showed that the coefficient determination value (R2) of VSS,
MLSS, SS, COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate and starch were
0.9689,0.9252, 0.8148, 0.8838, 0.8681, 0.7516, 0.8982, 0.7991 and 0.8120
respectively. The F and p values of the variables shows that the statistically
significant. By applying RSM, the optimum values were calculated. Experimental
findings were in close agreement with the model prediction. Maximum reduction
of VSS (81%), MLSS (68%), SS (84%), COD (87%), phosphate (65%), nitrate
(84%), sulphate (85%), carbohydrate (100%) and starch (100%) were achieved at
acidic pH, less ozonation time and retention time. Acidic pH has a greater
influence for all parameters reduction. At neutral pH, the efficiency of ozone is
low when compared with that of acidic and alkaline pH. Ozonation time and
retention time influenced maximum sludge reduction, MLSS, SS and COD
reduction. Ozonation process was highly effective for phosphate, nitrate, sulphate,
carbohydrate and starch reduction. In addition, ozonated sample showed less
amount of microorganisms than control. After 5 minutes ozonation, there was
Pseudomonas spp. only observed. After 20 minutes ozonation, there was no
microorganism was found in this study. It was concluded from this study that
reduction of excess sludge production in sago processing wastewater by using
ozonation process is very effective, and the variables pH, ozonation time and
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215
retention time were highly influenced sludge reduction. Hence this study was a
novel attempt for excess sludge reduction using ozonation process with RSM
model, which helped to identify the most significant operating factors and
optimum levels with minimum effort and time.
In the comparative study, Aminophenol with aeration is effective for
sludge reduction when compared to without aeration and ozonation process.
Aminophenol with aeration result showed maximum 100% reduction of VSS, SS,
COD, phosphate, nitrate, sulphate, carbohydrate and starch were achieved.
Maximum MLSS reduction was 87% in aerated condition. Without aerated
condition and ozonation process were less effective than with aeration. It was
concluded from this study that reduction of excess sludge production in sago
processing wastewater by using aminophenol with aeration is very effective, and
the variables pH, ozonation time and retention time highly influenced sludge
reduction.
6.2. RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
In this research, satisfactory results were obtained in sago processing
wastewater using Aminophenol and ozone treatment. Further, Electrochemical
treatment methods can be used to treat the sago processing wastewater for sludge
reduction with respect to cost. Then, the efficiency of each method used to be
compared for maximum sludge reduction. Finally, the cost efficient method to be
scaled from lab scale to industrial scale is recommended.
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216
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