chapter 6 text pages 180-215. makes organisms are easier to study, easier to find things, easier to...
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Chapter 6Text Pages 180-215
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Makes organisms are easier to study, easier to find things, easier to compare things
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Classification – the process of grouping things based on their similarities
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Taxonomy – the scientific study of how living things are classified
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Aristotle the Greek scholar was the first to classify (400 BC)
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Observed many animals and recorded their appearance, behavior, and movement.◦ Made three groups
Fly Swim Walk – Crawl – Run
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He used other differences to subdivide the groups
Subdivision idea is still used today◦ Not based on movement or habitat
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Expanded Aristotle’s ideas of classification◦ Based on observable features
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name, naming system)◦ Genus – closely related organisms◦ Species – similar organisms that can mate and
produce fertile offspring in nature
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Scientific name is Felis concolor◦ Latin, Italicized, Genus is capitalized Common name is a Puma, Mountain lion or
cougar
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Theory of Evolution has changed classification◦ evolutionary histories are classified more closely
Other changes are due to: Microscopic structure Chemical analysis DNA
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Based on Aristotle and Linneaus
Seven levels of classification◦ Starts broad and gets specific◦ Each group has shared characteristics◦ More levels shared the more the organisms have
in common
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Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Great Species Spaghetti
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Kingdom - Animal Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Homonidae Genus - Homo Species - sapien
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The more levels the two organisms share the more characteristics they have in common
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Field Guides◦ Books with illustrations that highlight differences
between similar looking organisms Taxonomic Key
◦ Paired statements the describe the physical characteristics
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We now have 3 Domains (above Kingdom)◦ Bacteria
All bacteria, prokaryotes◦ Archaea
Prokaryotes, differ genetically and cell wall makeup◦ Eukarya
Cells that have a nucleus, more complex – have membrane bound organelles
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Specifics later
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“Ancient Bacteria” on Earth for Billions of Years
Might resemble early life forms
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Different chemically than Archaebacteria Are “everywhere”
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“Odds and ends” kingdom Both plant and animal like
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Discovered in 1600’s on teeth scrapings by Anton van leeuwenhock
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Prokaryotic cells◦ Genetic material not contained in the ◦ Each cell uses energy, grows and develops,
responds to surroundings and reproduces
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•Unicellular•But very tiny
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•Live in EXTREME environments•Do not use oxygen anaerobic
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•Autotrophs make own food
• Heterotrophs feed on others
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Thermus aquaticus◦ Found in Yellowstone National Park (Hot Springs)
Boiling Sulfur Ponds (90 degrees Celsius) pH level 1
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Methanococcus janischiiwas◦ Can be found in raw sewage◦ Makes methane around ocean vent smokers ◦ Temperature 50 to 86 degrees Celsius◦ 2,600 meters down
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Halobacterium halobium◦ Found in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
Both are high salt content areas
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Characteristics◦ Prokaryotic◦ Unicellular◦ Live EVERYWHERE!!!!!◦ Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
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Staphlococcus◦ Outside the body bacteria (think skin)
Causes Pimples Blood Poisoning Gangrene
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Streptococcus◦ Inside the body bacteria
Causes strep throat
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Tuberculosis◦ Lung infection◦ Symptoms
persistent cough Coughing up blood
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Anthrax◦ Different types
Cutaneous On surface of skin
Inhalation Lethal lung infection
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Not a Kingdom
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Non-living particle Does not
◦ use energy to grow◦ respond to
surroundings◦ Make food◦ Take in food◦ Produce wastes
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Most viruses are parasites◦ Cause harm to host
They infect all 6 kingdoms
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Two basic parts◦ Outer protein coat◦ Inner genetic
material
Vary in◦ Shapes◦ Size (but very small)
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Immediately begin to multiply
Quick death to host cell
Example◦ influenza
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“Hide” for a while◦ Takes time
DNA of virus becomes part of host cell’s DNA
Death to host cell Example
◦ Cold sore
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• Causes AIDS – Acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
• How Spread– Contact with infected
• blood• semen, vaginal fluid• breast milk
– Four major transmission • Unsafe sex• Contaminated needles• Breastfeeding• Birth process
• Symptoms– Fever– Weight loss– Chronic fatigue
• Treatment– No cure– Manage multiplication
of virus
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HSV-2 -causes genital herpes ◦ spread through
secretions from the mouth or genitals
HSV-1 - affects the mouth and lips ◦ causes cold sores or
fever blisters
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• human papillomavirus
• Most common STD– 40 different types
• In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV naturally within two years.
• Other 10% can get– Genital warts – warts in the throat– Cervical cancer
• Prevention– Vaccines can protect
males and females against some of the most common types of HPV that can lead to disease and cancer.