Chapter 6 Chapter 6

““The Duel for North America” The Duel for North America”

French ColonizationFrench Colonization

Like England and Holland, France was a Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in the colony race.latecomer in the colony race.

King Louis XIV became king and took an King Louis XIV became king and took an interest in overseas colonies.interest in overseas colonies.

Samuel de Champlain (“Father of New Samuel de Champlain (“Father of New France”) founded Quebec in 1608France”) founded Quebec in 1608

He befriended the neighboring Huron He befriended the neighboring Huron Indians and helped them defeated the Indians and helped them defeated the Iroquois.Iroquois.

French ColoniesFrench Colonies King of France had total control over all King of France had total control over all

coloniescolonies Population of New France grew slowlyPopulation of New France grew slowly

Landowning French peasants had little economic Landowning French peasants had little economic motive to movemotive to move

Protestant Huguenots were denied a refuge in the Protestant Huguenots were denied a refuge in the coloniescolonies

Beaver fur a valuable resource Beaver fur a valuable resource Traded with IndiansTraded with Indians French Catholic missionaries zealously tried to French Catholic missionaries zealously tried to

convert Indians.convert Indians.

New France in 1645New France in 1645

New France around 1645 Map: Parks Canada (From a map of the Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Milles-Îles)

Robert de La SalleRobert de La Salle René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La

Salle (1643-1687) was a French Salle (1643-1687) was a French explorer. He was sent by King Louis explorer. He was sent by King Louis XIV (14) to travel south from Canada XIV (14) to travel south from Canada and sail down the Mississippi River to and sail down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. He was the first the Gulf of Mexico. He was the first European to travel the length of the European to travel the length of the Mississippi River (1682). His mission Mississippi River (1682). His mission was to explore and establish fur-trade was to explore and establish fur-trade routes along the river. La Salle named routes along the river. La Salle named the entire Mississippi basin Louisiana, the entire Mississippi basin Louisiana, in honor of the King, and claimed it for in honor of the King, and claimed it for France on April 9, 1682. He also France on April 9, 1682. He also explored Lake Michigan (1679), Lake explored Lake Michigan (1679), Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. He tried to start a settlement in the He tried to start a settlement in the southern Mississippi River Valley, but southern Mississippi River Valley, but the venture ended in disaster. the venture ended in disaster.

Map of New France 1700Map of New France 1700

The Clash of EmpiresThe Clash of Empires

Battle over North American continentBattle over North American continent From 1688 to 1763 England, France, From 1688 to 1763 England, France,

Spain, and Native American cultures were Spain, and Native American cultures were involved in 4 bitter world wars.involved in 4 bitter world wars.

England Vs. France in the New WorldEngland Vs. France in the New World Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 temporarily Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 temporarily

ended the fightingended the fighting

Deerfield MassacreDeerfield Massacre

British Territory After Two WarsBritish Territory After Two Wars17131713

The signature of the Treaty of The signature of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, which ended Utrecht in 1713, which ended the War of Spanish the War of Spanish Succession, changed Succession, changed considerably the territorial considerably the territorial claims of European powers in claims of European powers in North America. France lost North America. France lost Acadia, recognized the control Acadia, recognized the control of Britain over Newfoundland of Britain over Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay. and the Hudson Bay. However, by having access to However, by having access to the Mississippi, Nouvelle the Mississippi, Nouvelle France extended to Louisiana. France extended to Louisiana. Source: Bercson, D., et al. Source: Bercson, D., et al. (1992). (1992). Colonies: Canada to Colonies: Canada to 18671867. Toro . Toro

The War of Jenkin’s EarThe War of Jenkin’s Ear English Captain Jenkins had one ear sliced off by a English Captain Jenkins had one ear sliced off by a

sword of a Spanish revenue authority.sword of a Spanish revenue authority. Told to take the ear back to the King as a warningTold to take the ear back to the King as a warning War broke out in 1739 between England and SpainWar broke out in 1739 between England and Spain Came to be known as King George’s War in AmericaCame to be known as King George’s War in America France allied itself with Spain, but England’s troops France allied itself with Spain, but England’s troops

captured the reputed impregnable fortress of Cap captured the reputed impregnable fortress of Cap Breton Island.Breton Island.

Peace terms of this war gave Louisbourg, which the Peace terms of this war gave Louisbourg, which the New Englanders had captured, back to France, New Englanders had captured, back to France, outraging the colonists.outraging the colonists.

New France in 1745New France in 1745

New France around 1745 Map: Parks Canada (From a map of the Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Milles-Îles) Back

George Washington Inaugurates George Washington Inaugurates War with FranceWar with France

The Ohio Valley became a battleground among the The Ohio Valley became a battleground among the Spanish, British, and French Spanish, British, and French

In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent 21 year-old In 1754, the governor of Virginia sent 21 year-old George Washington to the Ohio country as a George Washington to the Ohio country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia minutemen.minutemen.

Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 Encountering some Frenchmen in the forest about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne, the troops opened fire, miles from Fort Duquesne, the troops opened fire, killing the French leader.killing the French leader.

Later, the French returned and surrounded Later, the French returned and surrounded Washington’s hastily constructed Fort Necessity, and Washington’s hastily constructed Fort Necessity, and after a 10-hour siege, made him surrender.after a 10-hour siege, made him surrender.

Disputed Ohio River ValleyDisputed Ohio River Valley

Fort DuquesneFort Duquesne Fort DuquesneFort Duquesne , at the junction of the , at the junction of the

Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the site of Pittsburgh, SW Pa. Because of its site of Pittsburgh, SW Pa. Because of its strategic location, it was a major objective in strategic location, it was a major objective in the last of the French and Indian Wars. The the last of the French and Indian Wars. The fort was begun by a group of Virginians in fort was begun by a group of Virginians in 1754 at the insistence of Gov. Robert 1754 at the insistence of Gov. Robert Dinwiddie. The French drove the Virginians Dinwiddie. The French drove the Virginians away on Apr. 17, 1754, and completed the away on Apr. 17, 1754, and completed the fort; they named it after the Marquis de fort; they named it after the Marquis de Duquesne, governor-general of New Duquesne, governor-general of New France. George Washington's Virginia France. George Washington's Virginia militia had failed to reach the fort before the militia had failed to reach the fort before the arrival of the French (see Fort Necessity). arrival of the French (see Fort Necessity). Fort Duquesne was also the goal of an Fort Duquesne was also the goal of an unsuccessful expedition under English Gen. unsuccessful expedition under English Gen. Edward Braddock in 1755. On Nov. 24, Edward Braddock in 1755. On Nov. 24, 1758, the French abandoned their position 1758, the French abandoned their position without a fight to advancing British troops without a fight to advancing British troops led by Gen. John Forbes and retreated led by Gen. John Forbes and retreated north after burning Fort Duquesne. The north after burning Fort Duquesne. The English rebuilt it and renamed it Fort Pitt, English rebuilt it and renamed it Fort Pitt, around which Pittsburgh grew.around which Pittsburgh grew.

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia,The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th 6th ed. Copyright © 2005, Columbia University ed. Copyright © 2005, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.Press. All rights reserved.

Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union (1754), first plan for uniting the (1754), first plan for uniting the

colonies, proposed by Benjamin colonies, proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress. Franklin at the Albany Congress. Delegates from seven colonies Delegates from seven colonies met in Albany, New York, with met in Albany, New York, with representatives of the Iroquois representatives of the Iroquois tribes to organize a common tribes to organize a common defense against the French at the defense against the French at the onset of the French and Indian onset of the French and Indian War. Franklin's Albany Plan War. Franklin's Albany Plan proposed a loose confederation of proposed a loose confederation of colonies with a representative colonies with a representative grand council with power to levy grand council with power to levy taxes, raise troops, regulate Indian taxes, raise troops, regulate Indian trade, and provide mutual trade, and provide mutual defense. The crown-appointed defense. The crown-appointed council head would have final say council head would have final say about American affairs. about American affairs.

This political cartoon by Ben Franklin was originally written for the French and Indian war, but was later recycled to persuade the people of different colonies to join together against the British

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War French and Huron Indians Vs. English, colonists and French and Huron Indians Vs. English, colonists and

Iroquois IndiansIroquois Indians The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) began The French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War) began

with Washington’s battle with the Frenchwith Washington’s battle with the French The British sent 60 year-old General Braddock to lead The British sent 60 year-old General Braddock to lead

2000 inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery.2000 inexperienced soldiers with slow, heavy artillery. George Washington followed with a group of 450 George Washington followed with a group of 450

Virginia MilitiaVirginia Militia Defeated by a force of French and Indians hiding Defeated by a force of French and Indians hiding

behind trees and rocks.behind trees and rocks. In this battle, Washington had two horses shot from In this battle, Washington had two horses shot from

under him and four bullets go through his coat, but under him and four bullets go through his coat, but never him.never him.

Battle of Fort DuquesneBattle of Fort Duquesne

The French & Indians launch their attack on the British & American troops;

Braddock falls shot while George Washington attempts to assist him.

The Battle on the Monongahela: Major General Edward Braddock falls from his horse, mortally wounded.

William PittWilliam Pitt

Known as the “Great Known as the “Great Commoner” Pitt took Commoner” Pitt took over as leader of over as leader of Great BritainGreat Britain

Became known also Became known also as the “Organizer of as the “Organizer of Victory.”Victory.”

Concentrated Britain’s Concentrated Britain’s efforts on the warefforts on the war

Victories followedVictories followed

Battle of QuebecBattle of Quebec

British led by General Wolfe, led a British led by General Wolfe, led a detachment up a poorly guarded part of detachment up a poorly guarded part of the rocky eminence protecting Quebecthe rocky eminence protecting Quebec

In the morning the two armies faced each In the morning the two armies faced each other on the Plains of Abraham on the other on the Plains of Abraham on the outskirts of Quebec.outskirts of Quebec.

French were led by Marquis de Montcalm.French were led by Marquis de Montcalm. Both commanders fell fatally wounded.Both commanders fell fatally wounded. The French were defeatedThe French were defeated

Battle of QuebecBattle of Quebec

Landing of the British Army on 13th September 1759 The Death of General James Wolfe

Treaty of Paris of 1763Treaty of Paris of 1763 Treaty that officially ended the French Treaty that officially ended the French

and Indian War. The British gained and Indian War. The British gained control over the area west of the 13 control over the area west of the 13 British Colonies to the Mississippi British Colonies to the Mississippi River. The French agreed to no longer River. The French agreed to no longer support any colonies in North America, support any colonies in North America, including all of Canada. Since Spain including all of Canada. Since Spain had joined the war on the side of the had joined the war on the side of the French, the Spanish were also forced French, the Spanish were also forced to give up their claim to Florida. The to give up their claim to Florida. The area of North America to the north and area of North America to the north and east of the Mississippi River was now east of the Mississippi River was now under British rule. But the Spanish still under British rule. But the Spanish still held their territory west of the held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central and Mississippi River and in Central and South America. South America.

France’s final blow came when they France’s final blow came when they gave Louisiana to Spain to gave Louisiana to Spain to compensate for Spain’s losses in the compensate for Spain’s losses in the war.war.

THE AMERICAN PEOPLE, Fourth Edition  Nash/Jeffrey/Howe/Frederick/Davis/Winkler

Restless ColonialsRestless Colonials

Americans had experienced war and were Americans had experienced war and were confidentconfident

The myth of British invincibility had been The myth of British invincibility had been shattered. shattered.

Americans believed that they were equals Americans believed that they were equals with the Redcoats, and trouble began to with the Redcoats, and trouble began to brew brew

War was unifying to colonist. The walls War was unifying to colonist. The walls between colonies began to crumble.between colonies began to crumble.

Americans: A People of DestinyAmericans: A People of Destiny

The removal of the French menace in The removal of the French menace in Canada profoundly affected American Canada profoundly affected American attitudes.attitudes.

Americans began to believe that they no Americans began to believe that they no longer needed British protectionlonger needed British protection

Pontiac’s RebellionPontiac’s Rebellion In 1763, Ottawa chief In 1763, Ottawa chief

Pontiac led French-Pontiac led French-allied tribes in a brief allied tribes in a brief but bloody campaign but bloody campaign through the Ohio Valleythrough the Ohio Valley

But the British and the But the British and the colonists quickly and colonists quickly and retaliated after being retaliated after being caught off guard.caught off guard.

British government British government concerned for the concerned for the safety of the colonistssafety of the colonists

Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763

Law passed by Parliament in response to Law passed by Parliament in response to Pontiac’s RebellionPontiac’s Rebellion

Law was meant to the colonists but they saw it Law was meant to the colonists but they saw it as a form of oppression from a far away as a form of oppression from a far away country.country.

In 1765, an estimated one thousand wagons In 1765, an estimated one thousand wagons rolled through the town of Salisbury, North rolled through the town of Salisbury, North Carolina, on their way “up west” in defiance of Carolina, on their way “up west” in defiance of the Proclamation.the Proclamation.

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763