chapter 6 the new republic. new republic hamilton – favored strong national gov. – believed it...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6
The New Republic
New Republic
Hamilton – favored strong national gov. – believed it could accomplish great things
Washington – established precedents for future administrations…what was the role of each branch, each official, etc.?
Great dignity and strong personalityNY to Philadelphia for 10 yearsNew capital – DC; L’Enfant designed to display
power and authority
Sec. 1 – Govt. & Party Politics
Proper role of the new govt. still not determined and not tested
Cabinet: Jefferson (State), Hamilton (Treasury), Knox (War), Randolph (Attorney General)
Judiciary Act 1789 – Set up 13 federal courts, 3 circuit (appeals) courts and 6-member Supreme Court
Hamilton’s Plan
Alexander Hamilton (Fed.) proposed plan to strengthen national power & develop a commercial and industrial economy
Fed. govt. would pay off national debt ($52 million) and state debts ($25 million)
Would restore credit and establish trustworthiness abroad
Funded with government bonds which would pay interest to investors
Hamilton’s Plan cont.
Proposed excise taxes and high tariffs to pay interest
Placed tax on whiskeyHoped to pay off slowly so countries would
take continued interest in U.S. (long term investment)
Got Southern support in exchange for capital near VA & MD
Bank of U.S. established 1791
Hamilton’s Plan cont.
Loose construction of the Constitution – broad interpretation
Alarmed critics (Jefferson) – strict construction of Constitution – only those powers stated in Constitution; no “stretching” of powers
Believed Federalists had betrayed the ideals of the Revolution
Opponents of Hamilton’s plan
Resented interference by fed govternment in state affairs
Resented new taxesWashington’s elegant style, taxes, tariffs,
federal interference, Bank, seemed like a return to the British monarchy – alarmed people
Jefferson disagreed with Federalist Washington, eventually resigned his post
Whiskey Rebellion
Made from corn and exported – key to farmers’ economy
Many refused to pay taxFollowed the tradition of Stamp Act and
Shay’s Rebellion – attacked collectorsWashington & Hamilton determined to stop
the rebellion; gathered troops and marched on W. Pennsylvania – rebellion dissolved
**Showed world that government would enforce the laws (unlike Shays)
Two Party System
Whiskey Rebellion highlighted tensionsFederalists had sent 12,000 troops to suppress
rebellion (overkill?)Emerged into two parties:Federalists – Hamilton, Adams; northern
merchantsDemocratic-Republicans – Jefferson, Madison;
farmersBut supporters from all parts of country
Section 2 – Foreign Policy
British had kept forts – Ohio River, Great Lakes
Gave weapons to Indians to resist expansionBattle of Fallen Timbers – General Anthony
Wayne defeated Native AmericansTreaty of Greenville - Ceded most of Ohio
territory; opened N.W. Territory
French Revolution - 1789
Liberty, Equality, FraternityDeteriorated into a “reign of terror” where
thousands lost their lives, including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette
Divided U.S.Federalists opposed it as extremist;
anarchists who would destroy the social order
French Revolution cont.
Anti-Feds supported it as an extension of the Am. Rev., Republican ideals; applauded its rejection of kings
Americans torn between British who ruled the seas, or France who had helped us in the Revolution
Chose neutrality – remained U.S. policy for a century
Treaties with Britain and Spain
Washington decided it was in our best interest to support Britain
Jay Treaty - Chief Justice John Jay negotiated treaty to remove remaining British troops/forts in NW territory, pay pre-war debts, expand trade
Americans furious – a betrayal of France, sell-out to British
Pinckney Treaty – with Spain; guaranteed shipping rights on Miss. River; established northern boundary of Florida
Washington’s Farewell
After 2 terms, declined to run again to avoid perception of being a “king.” (another precedent)
Achievements: Indian defeat, western lands opened for settlement, Whiskey rebellion suppressed, kept nation out of war, improved economy and foreign trade, helped pay national debt
Farewell Address – warned against “entangling alliances” and political parties
Foreign Policy
John Adams – 2nd Pres (Fed) lacked prestige of GW; faced growing divisions in U.S.
Drift towards war w/France – angry over Jay’s treaty w/Britain; began seizing Am. ships
XYZ Affair – Adams sent officials to Paris, met by officials demanding bribe ($250K) and loan of $10 million; outraged Americans, “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute.”
Undeclared war, fired on, seized ships
Alien and Sedition Acts
Alien – Pres. could imprison or deport immigrants who criticized govt.– Most immigrants supported Dem-Rep.
Sedition – Made it a crime for citizens who published or said anything false, scandalous about the govt.
Silenced much Republican opposition with this
VA and KY Resolutions
Response to A & S acts – Rep. believed they violated Constitutional right to free speech
VA & KY Resolutions declared the Sedition Act unconstitutional
Nullification is a defiance of federal powerGrowing tensions in U.S. – State power vs.
Federal power is a sign of things to come...
Election of 1800
Jefferson wins electionAaron Burr, running mate got same number of
votesWent to the House to decideHamilton (congressman) preferred Jefferson so
swayed vote to himLater Burr killed Hamilton in a duel for
slandering him 1804 amendment
Section 3 - Jefferson
Election of 1800 a “revolution” in government principles according to Jefferson
Known now as Jeffersonian Republicans or Republicans (NOT the modern Republican party)
Jeffersonian democracyReduced military, streamlined government
bureaucracy, increased trade, sale of western lands
More common style than the aristocratic Federalists, but Jefferson was wealthy, educated and refined
The Marshall Court
John Marshall new Chief JusticeEstablished judicial review in Marbury v.
Madison – courts can determine constitutionality of laws
Helped build prestige and power of CourtEstablished federal authority over state authorityLoose constructionist - increased power of court
tremendously; not stated anywhere in Constitution
Marbury v. Madison
John Adams appointed William Marbury (Federalist) as federal judge
Left office before delivery of appointmentNew Sec. of State Madison comes in
(Republican) and refuses to deliver appointment
Marbury wants a writ of mandamus – under Judiciary Act, the delivery would be required
Marbury v. Madison cont.
Court rules in favor of Madison (makes Republicans happy) but declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional
Gives court massive powers (not what Republicans wanted)!
Said Marbury deserved the appointment but the act was unconstitutional so tough luck
Set important precedent & continued to overturn state laws
Loose constructionist
Louisiana Purchase - 1803
Napoleon sold all French claims to U.S. for $15 million – Louisiana Purchase
Political dilemma: Jefferson concerned over the purchase and spending public funds
He is a STRICT CONSTUCTIONIST!Contradicted his principles about govt. power but
signed anyway, doubled size of the U.S.Lewis & Clark expedition; 2 years, reached
Pacific; helped by Sacajawea
Foreign Troubles
British began kidnapping American sailors to serve in British military – impressment (at war with France); interfering with trade also
British Leopard attacked ChesapeakeEmbargo of 1807 as punishment – outlawed trade
w/ foreign countriesNew Englanders hated embargo; bankrupted
merchants, hurt farmers who couldn’t exportHurt his 2nd term, retired to Monticello unpopular
Section 4 – War of 1812
Unpopular embargo replaced If either country (GB or Fr) recognized neutrality, we
would renew sanctions on other country France agreed – sanctions on GB More battles w/Native Americans (dishonest
treaties); Americans believed GB supplying weapons Tecumseh defeated at Tippecanoe (lost momentum) War Hawks – Clay and Calhoun called for war
against GB (impressments humiliating) to restore national honor
War of 1812 cont
Called for invasion of CanadaWould stop British supply of weapons and throw
them out of N. AmericaWar breaks out 1812 Invasion of Canada failsNavy did surprisingly well thoughBattle of Lake Erie – victory for U.S.Andrew Jackson crushed Creek Indians of
Alabama, killed Tecumseh, invaded Florida and defeated Seminole Indians
War of 1812 cont.
Major attacks by British (including New Orleans)
Burned White House (Madison flees – Dolly saves picture of George) & Capitol
Ft. McHenry (Baltimore) – Francis Scott Key wrote Star Spangled Banner
Flag still on display at SmithsonianAmericans win on Lake Champlain
Cont.
Not all supported war (Federalists) – capital burned, treasury depleted, trade stopped due to blockade (“Mr. Madison’s war”)
Napoleon defeated, no need for impressment; both sides weary from war
Treaty of Ghent – ended war 1815 Andrew Jackson’s important Battle of New Orleans – two
weeks after treaty! Created illusion that this had led to British defeat
Hartford Convention 1814 – Federalists had looked weak & defeatist in opposing war; wanted to consider leaving nation (secession), failed
Post War - results
Surge of national pride (nationalism)Nation continues to grow – settlement spreads
westEnd of Federalist partySettlers going into Florida too, conflicts with
Seminoles; fugitive slaves heading to FloridaSpain cedes Florida to U.S. – Adams – Onis
Treaty of 1819*Showed the nation would endure