Chapter 7Chapter 7

Technological Systems Technological Systems

andand

Production Tools in TechnologyProduction Tools in Technology

Production ToolsProduction Tools

►Change the shape of materials to make Change the shape of materials to make them useful for human needsthem useful for human needs

►Help in the creation of artifacts. Help in the creation of artifacts. Objects made by human activity.Objects made by human activity.

►Are created and maintained by humansAre created and maintained by humans►Are used to make our lives easierAre used to make our lives easier►Social problems can be created by Social problems can be created by

tools???tools???

Material ProcessingMaterial Processing

►Tools and MachinesTools and Machines►Changes the form of materialsChanges the form of materials►Tools were used to cast, form, and Tools were used to cast, form, and

machine materials into specific shapesmachine materials into specific shapes►Tools also can be used to help Tools also can be used to help

assemble products and apply assemble products and apply protective or decorative coatingsprotective or decorative coatings

Machine ToolsMachine Tools

►Machines used to make other machines.Machines used to make other machines.►The elements of machine tools includeThe elements of machine tools include

What type of tool is it???What type of tool is it???►Single or Multiple Point Cutting ToolSingle or Multiple Point Cutting Tool

What type of cutting motion is What type of cutting motion is implemented???implemented???

►Rotating, Reciprocating, or LinearRotating, Reciprocating, or Linear

What type of support is used to machine the What type of support is used to machine the stock???stock???

Cutting ToolsCutting Tools

► Cutting actions require a cutting toolCutting actions require a cutting tool► Cutting tools must be harder than the Cutting tools must be harder than the

material being cutmaterial being cut► Needs sharpened edges, relief angles, and Needs sharpened edges, relief angles, and

rake anglesrake angles Sharpened edges cut the materialSharpened edges cut the material Relief angles keep the tool sides from rubbing Relief angles keep the tool sides from rubbing

against the materialagainst the material Rake angles create a chip which allows waste Rake angles create a chip which allows waste

materials to be carried away materials to be carried away

Types of Cutting ToolsTypes of Cutting Tools

►Single Point Cutting ToolsSingle Point Cutting Tools Contains a cutting edge on the end or Contains a cutting edge on the end or

along the edge of a rod, bar, or stripalong the edge of a rod, bar, or strip

►Examples:Examples: ChiselsChisels Hand PlanesHand Planes KnivesKnives

Types of Cutting Tools (cont.)Types of Cutting Tools (cont.)

►Multiple Point Cutting ToolsMultiple Point Cutting Tools Series of single point tools arranged on a Series of single point tools arranged on a

cutting device.cutting device. Can be arranged in a set or random Can be arranged in a set or random

patternpattern

►Examples:Examples: Saw teeth are in a set patternSaw teeth are in a set pattern Abrasive paper and grinding wheels do Abrasive paper and grinding wheels do

not contain a set cutting arrangementnot contain a set cutting arrangement

MotionMotion

►Cutting MotionCutting Motion The action that causes material to be The action that causes material to be

removed from the workremoved from the work

►Feed MotionFeed Motion The action that brings new material into The action that brings new material into

the cutterthe cutter

►To complete a cut both motions need To complete a cut both motions need to happen simultaneouslyto happen simultaneously

Motion (Cont.)Motion (Cont.)

►Cutting and feed motions can be:Cutting and feed motions can be: Rotating: Uses round cutters or spins the Rotating: Uses round cutters or spins the

work around an axiswork around an axis Linear: Moves the cutter or work in one Linear: Moves the cutter or work in one

direction along a straight linedirection along a straight line Reciprocating: Moves the tool or work Reciprocating: Moves the tool or work

back and forth or up and down.back and forth or up and down.

SupportSupport

► The tool and work piece must be supported for proper The tool and work piece must be supported for proper operation.operation.

► Types of cutting and feed motions determine the type of Types of cutting and feed motions determine the type of support needed.support needed.

► Rotating motions: Require a holder that will revolve Rotating motions: Require a holder that will revolve around an axis.around an axis.

► Reciprocating motions: The blade is clamped at two Reciprocating motions: The blade is clamped at two ends within the machine. The blade moves back and ends within the machine. The blade moves back and forth or up and down and cuts on one movement of the forth or up and down and cuts on one movement of the saw blade.saw blade.

► Linear motions: Lathes use tools that are clamped in a Linear motions: Lathes use tools that are clamped in a holder or held on rest. Band Saw blades travel around holder or held on rest. Band Saw blades travel around two wheels while the material is supported by the two wheels while the material is supported by the machine table.machine table.

Support (Cont.)Support (Cont.)

► Reciprocating motions: The blade is Reciprocating motions: The blade is clamped at two ends within the machine. clamped at two ends within the machine. The blade moves back and forth or up and The blade moves back and forth or up and down and cuts on one movement of the saw down and cuts on one movement of the saw blade.blade.

► Linear motions: Lathes use tools that are Linear motions: Lathes use tools that are clamped in a holder or held on rest. Band clamped in a holder or held on rest. Band Saw blades travel around two wheels while Saw blades travel around two wheels while the material is supported by the machine the material is supported by the machine table.table.

Six Categories of Machine Six Categories of Machine ToolsTools

►Turning MachinesTurning Machines►Sawing MachinesSawing Machines►Drilling MachinesDrilling Machines►Shaping MachinesShaping Machines►Planing MachinesPlaning Machines►Grinding MachinesGrinding Machines

Turning MachinesTurning Machines

►Turning: Process in which a workpiece Turning: Process in which a workpiece is held and rotated on an axis. is held and rotated on an axis. This process is completed on machines This process is completed on machines

called lathes.called lathes. Lathes produce their cutting motion by Lathes produce their cutting motion by

rotating the workpiece.rotating the workpiece. The feed motion is generated by linear The feed motion is generated by linear

movement of the tool.movement of the tool.

LatheLathe

►Precise machine tools used to machine Precise machine tools used to machine wood, metal, and plastics.wood, metal, and plastics.

►Contain four main parts:Contain four main parts: Headstock: Contains the machine’s power Headstock: Contains the machine’s power

unit.unit. Tailstock: Supports the opposite end of a Tailstock: Supports the opposite end of a

part that is gripped at the headstock.part that is gripped at the headstock.►The headstock and tailstock are attached to The headstock and tailstock are attached to

the bed of the lathethe bed of the lathe

Lathe (Cont.)Lathe (Cont.)

Tool rest or holder: Support the tool. On metal Tool rest or holder: Support the tool. On metal lathes the tool rest is clamped into position and lathes the tool rest is clamped into position and is fed into or along the work. Wood lathes is fed into or along the work. Wood lathes contain a flat tool rest where the operator moves contain a flat tool rest where the operator moves the tool by hand.the tool by hand.

► Work can be held or clamped into place in Work can be held or clamped into place in two ways.two ways. Between centersBetween centers

► Live Center: Rotate with the workpieceLive Center: Rotate with the workpiece► Dead Center: Work rotates around the deviceDead Center: Work rotates around the device

Within the headstockWithin the headstock

Lathe OperationsLathe Operations

► Turning: Cutting along the length of the Turning: Cutting along the length of the workpiece.workpiece.

► Tapering: Cutting along the length of a Tapering: Cutting along the length of a cylinder at a slight angle to produce a cylinder at a slight angle to produce a cylindrical shape with a uniformly cylindrical shape with a uniformly decreasing diameter.decreasing diameter.

► Facing: Cutting across the end of a rotating Facing: Cutting across the end of a rotating workpiece to produce a square end.workpiece to produce a square end.

► Grooving: Cutting into a workpiece to Grooving: Cutting into a workpiece to produce a channel with a diameter less than produce a channel with a diameter less than the main diameter of the workpiece.the main diameter of the workpiece.

Lathe Operations (Cont.)Lathe Operations (Cont.)

► Chamfering: Cutting an angled surface Chamfering: Cutting an angled surface between two diameters on the workpiece.between two diameters on the workpiece.

► Parting: Cutting off a part from the main Parting: Cutting off a part from the main workpiece.workpiece.

► Threading: Cutting threads along the Threading: Cutting threads along the outside diameter or inside a hole in the outside diameter or inside a hole in the workpiece.workpiece.

► Knurling: Producing a diamond pattern of Knurling: Producing a diamond pattern of grooves on the outside diameter. This grooves on the outside diameter. This produces a gripping surface.produces a gripping surface.

Sawing MachinesSawing Machines

►Use teeth on a blade to cut material to Use teeth on a blade to cut material to a desired shape and size.a desired shape and size.

►Three basic groups of saws include:Three basic groups of saws include: Circular SawsCircular Saws Band SawsBand Saws Scroll SawsScroll Saws

Sawing Machine Cutting Sawing Machine Cutting OperationsOperations

► Crosscutting: Reducing the length of a Crosscutting: Reducing the length of a materialmaterial

► Ripping: Reducing the width of materialRipping: Reducing the width of material► Resawing: Reducing the thickness of Resawing: Reducing the thickness of

materialmaterial► Grooving, Dado, Notching: Cutting Grooving, Dado, Notching: Cutting

rectangular slots on or across a partrectangular slots on or across a part► Chamfering and Beveling: Cutting an angled Chamfering and Beveling: Cutting an angled

surface between two primary surfaces of a surface between two primary surfaces of a material.material.

Circular SawsCircular Saws

►Use a disk shaped blade with teeth Use a disk shaped blade with teeth arranged around an edge.arranged around an edge.

►Three types of circular saws:Three types of circular saws: Table SawTable Saw Radial SawRadial Saw Chop SawChop Saw

Table SawTable Saw

►Uses a linear feed motionUses a linear feed motion►Workpiece is pushed into the rotating Workpiece is pushed into the rotating

blade.blade.►The operator controls the rate of The operator controls the rate of

speed that the workpiece runs through speed that the workpiece runs through at.at.

Radial SawRadial Saw

►The rotating blade moves across the The rotating blade moves across the workpieceworkpiece

►The workpiece is positioned stationary The workpiece is positioned stationary on the saw table bedon the saw table bed

Chop SawChop Saw

► Used to cut narrow strips of material to Used to cut narrow strips of material to lengthlength

► The blade is attached to a pivot arm The blade is attached to a pivot arm assemblyassembly

► The blade assembly is pivoted in a The blade assembly is pivoted in a downward motion to produce the cutdownward motion to produce the cut

► Can create angled cutsCan create angled cuts► The sliding compound miter saw was The sliding compound miter saw was

created of the chop saw and the radial saw.created of the chop saw and the radial saw.

Band SawBand Saw

►Uses a blade made from a continuous Uses a blade made from a continuous band or stripband or strip

►The saw uses a continuous linear The saw uses a continuous linear motion which generally travels around motion which generally travels around two wheels to perform a cuttwo wheels to perform a cut

►Come in two styles:Come in two styles: VerticalVertical HorizontalHorizontal

Scroll SawScroll Saw

►Uses a straight blade with teeth on Uses a straight blade with teeth on one edgeone edge

►The blade is clamped or pinned into The blade is clamped or pinned into the machine at one or most commonly the machine at one or most commonly at two ends.at two ends.

►This machine operates off the This machine operates off the reciprocating motion.reciprocating motion.

Drilling MachinesDrilling Machines

►Drilling: produces or enlarges holes Drilling: produces or enlarges holes using a rotating cutter.using a rotating cutter.

►The drill is moved into the work with a The drill is moved into the work with a feed arm. This is the feed motion.feed arm. This is the feed motion.

►The rotating cutter head produces the The rotating cutter head produces the cutting motion.cutting motion.

►Two common types:Two common types: StationaryStationary Portable electricPortable electric

Drilling OperationsDrilling Operations

► Drilling: Producing straight cylindrical holes Drilling: Producing straight cylindrical holes in a materialin a material

► Counterboring: Producing two holes around Counterboring: Producing two holes around the same center point. The outer hole has a the same center point. The outer hole has a larger diameter than the inner hole.larger diameter than the inner hole.

► Countersinking: Producing a beveled outer Countersinking: Producing a beveled outer portion of a hole. portion of a hole.

► Reaming: Enlarging the diameter of an Reaming: Enlarging the diameter of an existing hole.existing hole.

Common Drilling ToolsCommon Drilling Tools

►Twist Drills: shafts of steel with flutes Twist Drills: shafts of steel with flutes along the shaft and points on the end along the shaft and points on the end to produce a chipto produce a chip

►Spade Bits: Flat cutters on the end of Spade Bits: Flat cutters on the end of a shafta shaft

►Forstner Bits: Two lipped cutters that Forstner Bits: Two lipped cutters that produce a flat bottom hole. The are produce a flat bottom hole. The are used for counterboring operations in used for counterboring operations in woodworking.woodworking.