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Chapter 7

Physico-chemical Properties of Culture Ponds of

Anand

Chapter 7 Physico-Chemical Properities of Culture Ponds of Anand

Ph.D. Thesis; BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University 94

7.1 Introduction

The culture of Indian major carps Labeo rohita, Catla catla and

Cirrhina mrigala as well as exotic carps contribute significantly to the

inland culture fisheries of India; and the carps are mainly grown in

ponds, depending on natural food, use of supplementary feed and

organic manure (FAO, 1997; Azim et al., 2002; Reddy et al., 2002).

The fish culture, with proper water management practices, is

considered important for the increasing demand for fishes; and proper

understanding of pond ecosystem is required to improve the fish

production (Pechar, 2000). One of the major factors associated with

aquaculture is availability and quality of water; understanding the

physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the ponds. There

is enough scope for the improvement of aquaculture practice and

production by regular monitoring of water quality (Ntengwe and

Edema, 2008; Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). The details of pond

ecosystem have been studied by several workers (Banerjea, 1967;

Delince, 1992; Islam et al., 1998; Bhatnagar and Garg, 2000;

Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). In the semi-intensive carp culture

practices, utilization of organic manures stimulate the growth of

planktons and increase the nutrient levels of water body for

increasing fish production; however the excessive use of manure leads

to the deterioration of water quality (Kadri and Emmanuel, 2003). The

fish ponds in India are mainly earthen closed systems; and feed,

fertilizers and metabolite accumulation lead to contamination of water

bodies, which adversely affects fish growth and survival (Garg and

Bhatnagar, 1996; Jana et al., 2001). The regular monitoring of pond

water quality is considered necessary to determine its status for fish

culture and to keep the aquatic habitat favorable for fish culture

(Iwama et al., 2000; Garg et al., 2010; Mondal et al., 2010). The excess

use of organic manure suggests deterioration of water quality by



utilizing oxygen during decomposition; and this leads to depletion of

oxygen and generation of stress, which encourage the spread of

parasitic diseases in cultivable species (Boyd, 1982; Jha et al., 2008;

Chakrabarty et al., 2008; Kaur and Ansal, 2010). At the same time,

the human interference in aquaculture is also increasing with

intensification of pond culture and with change in management

practices (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010).

The organic loading in ponds is known to affect the biological

processes in the water column; and the water quality is related to the

balance among photosynthesis, decomposition, nitrogen metabolism,

type of water sources, meterological factors, biological processes and

operational aspects (Milstein, 1993). Various physic-chemical

parameters of pond water such as temperature, pH, hardness,

dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical

oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia are known to have a strong

influence on fish health and their resistance to the pathogens (Plumb

et al., 1988; Shresta, 1990). The pond water temperature and

dissolved oxygen (DO) level are important factors for water quality

management; and shallow aquaculture ponds show daily patterns of

temperature and oxygen stratification (Boyd, 1990). Ammonia (NH3)

has been considered as one of the most toxic compounds produced by

intensive fish culture and has a high impact on aquatic organisms;

and its level has been observed to be affected by temperature, pH and

several other factors (Boyd, 1990; Zieman et al., 1992). Phosphorous

is a limiting nutrient needed for the growth of aquatic plants and

phytoplanktons in ponds; however, its excess concentration results to

algal bloom (Milstein, 1993). In water, hardness is caused mainly by

divalent cations and it is an important micronutrient for aquatic

animals; at the same time, the sulphates and chlorides are also found

appreciably in all natural waters. The industrial pollution and

domestic sewage are known to contribute to them in natural water



and their high amount in water body is considered as a pollution

indicator (Ramachandra and Ahalya, 2001). The biological oxygen

demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are considered as

reliable parameters for judging the extent of pollution level in

aquaculture; and they increase with increasing concentration of

organic matter (Boyd, 1981; Amirkolaie, 2008). Total dissolved solids

(TDS) are an important physico-chemical parameter to understand

the pollution level of water. The TDS indicate the presence of total

amount of inorganic chemicals in solution such as carbonates,

bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of sodium and calcium ions in

the water (Utang and Akpan, 2012). The present work is aimed to

understand the physic-chemical quality of some of the carp culture

units of Anand district (Gujarat) for better farm management

practices.

The contamination of aquatic ecosystem with heavy metals is a

serious problem all over the world (Wagner and Boman, 2003). The

bioaccumulation of metals in the polyculture system and in fishes

poses a problem from environment and food; and is considered a

serious problem because they do not decompose or get eliminated

from ecosystem (Boudou and Ribeyre, 1989; Pujin et al., 1990; Liang

et al., 1999; Censi et al., 2006). The heavy metals like arsenic,

cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, zinc and mercury in the

aquatic system get trapped in the sediment and bio-accumulate in

organisms (Liang et al., 1999). Fish living in polluted water are

reported to accumulate toxic elements via their food chains and affect

their physiology, metabolism, growth and protein turnover (Censi et

al., 2006). Accumulation of metals in fishes is also observed to trigger

oxidative stress (Baker et al., 1998). In view of this, an investigation is

undertaken to assess the levels of some of the heavy metals in carp

culture ponds in the study area.



The heterotrophic microorganisms have a significant role in the

decomposition of organic matter and production of particulate food

materials from organic matter. Aquatic microorganisms are known to

influence water quality and are also linked with the health of animals

(Al-Harbi and Uddin, 2008). The bacteria associated with fresh water

fisheries include species from genus Acinetobacter, Aeromons,

Eubacterium, Flavobacterium, Flexibacter, Lctobacillus, Mycobacterium,

Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Vibrio and several others (Austin and

Allenn-Austin, 1985; Karunasagar and Karunasagar, 1996).

Application of artificial feed and fertilizers, high stocking density,

induced breeding and shallow nature of water in intensive and semi

intensive aquaculture lead to high bacterial population and thus

causes diseases in pond (Sugita, 1985). The fresh water fishes in

Indian ponds commonly suffer from bacterial diseases like vibriosis,

skin ulceration, albinoderma, erythroderma furunculosis, vertical

scale disease (Das, 2004). The presence of Vibrios and other indicator

bacteria in water is known to serve as an indicator of public health

safety (Ganesh et al., 2010). It is well known that freshwater fishes

and their aquatic environment harbor human pathogenic bacteria,

particularly members of the coliform group; and their presence in

environment indicates the level of pollution (Cohen and Shuval, 1973;

Ramos and Lyon, 2000). The change in the indicator bacteria with

respect to water quality during carp culture is still getting explored. A

study on bacterial load and types in the carp culture atmosphere is

needed to help prevent disease outbreak in fishes and for safe farm

management practices.

The pond culture practice is the major culture system involved

in carp production in rural areas in the state in village ponds,

especially in Anand district, covering 975 ha of water area (Nandan,

2010). The culture of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrihina mrigala,



is mainly practiced in semi-intensive polyculture ponds; and a trend

towards intensification is seen to increase the yield per unit area

(Nandan, 2010). Carp culture in these village ponds is practiced with

the utilization of organic based fertilizers and supplementary feed.

Moreover these village ponds are multipurpose ponds exposed to

several anthropogenic activities. The present investigation is

conducted to understand the physico-chemical and hygienic condition

of ponds of Anand district during different seasons with a view to

optimize the water quality conditions for optimum carp production;

and this study have been carried out consecutively for two years, for

the year 2008-2009 and 2009-2010.

7.2 Results and Discussion

All the 20 selected village ponds (Table 2.1; Fig. 2.2) of Anand

district are perennial water bodies and are multipurpose ponds used

for carp culture, domestic purposes and also some time for

agriculture purpose. Table 7.1 to 7.12 and Figs. 7.1 to 7.18 shows the

physico-chemical conditions as well as hygienic conditions of carp

culture ponds during different seasons for the years 2008-2009 and

2009-2010. The physico-chemical parameters of the presently studied

carp ponds appear to be suitable for fisheries purpose and majority of

parameters are found to remain within recommended range for carp

culture (Boyd and Tucker, 1998; Rahman et al., 2008). The water

quality parameters like temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, chlorine,

total hardness, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity, ammonia, nitrite,

chloride and TDS; heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper,

manganese, mercury, nickel and zinc; and microbial parameters like

total viable count (TVC), total vibrio (TV), total fecal coliform (TFC) and

total fecal streptococci (TFS) level in the ponds were measured during

winter, summer and monsoon during the year 2008-2009 and 2009-

2010 (Table 7.1 to 7.12; Figs. 7.1 to 7.17). The water quality



parameters showed fluctuations in different seasons during the

investigations. The study reveals that DO, chlorine, phosphate,

alkalinity, TDS and Total viable count did not vary significantly in

different ponds whereas Temperature, pH, BOD, COD, hardness,

sulphate, ammonia, nitrite, chloride, total vibrio, total fecal coliform

and total streptococci differed significantly in different ponds. The

physico-chemical and microbiological quality of water samples of

aquaculture ponds at several other places have been studied in depth

by several investigators; and the observed variations in different

parameters could be due to different factors like differences in water

depth, soil quality, water pollution, turbidity, management system

and fingerling stocking density (Hossain et al., 2008; Rahman and

Wahab, 2008; Kaur and Ansal, 2010).

Water temperature during the sampling period ranged from

average 21.20C to 31.20C. The clear differences in the temperature are

observed during different seasons. The water temperature showed a

very characteristic annual cycle, with higher values during the

summer (26.4-31.20C) and lowest values in the winter (21.2-26.60C).

During monsoon, the average temperature was measured as 24.4 to

28.80C (Table 7.1-7.4; Fig. 7.1). Water temperature is known to follow

the trend of atmospheric temperature, being low during winter and

high during summer (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). Temperature is

the also known to influence pH, alkalinity and DO concentration in

water (Peavy et al., 1985; Ravindra et al., 2003). The rate of

photosynthesis, metabolic rate of aquatic organisms and sensitivity of

organisms to toxic compounds, parasites and diseases are affected by

water temperature (Ravindra et al., 2003). The occurrence and

transmission of parasitic diseases are closely associated with

temperature; and it facilitates the multiplication of pathogens

(Rintamaki-Kinnunen et al., 2005a). Water temperature bellow 140C

and above 39.50C is known to be fatal for fishes; and at lower



temperature, fish reduces metabolic activity and that makes the

fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections during the winter

period (Hossain et al., 2008). The presently detected pond water

temperature from 21.20C to 31.20C during different seasons is well

within the optimal temperature range as suggested for (230C-320C)

warm water fishes (Aston, 1981; Rahman and Wahab, 2008); and is

quite suitable for aquaculture.

The pH of water from different ponds was found to be normal,

ranging from average 7.5 to 8.8. The highest pH value was detected in

Lambhvel pond (8.8) during summer; and the lowest value was

observed in Dharmaj pond (7.5) during monsoon months (Table 7.1-

7.4; Fig. 7.2). The pH values have did not vary significantly during the

study period. The pH of water samples (pH range 7.5 to 8.8) were

neutral to mildly alkaline, slightly above the upper limit as defined by

WHO guidelines of 6.5 to 8.5 (WHO, 2004; Arain et al., 2008). These

results signify that the pH conditions were conductive for fish culture

in ponds. The pH values outside these limits have been known to be

unfavorable to fish; and the fishes are known to die below 2 pH and

rise up to pH 11 (Ntengwe, 2005). At pH 4 and at pH 11, gills, lens

and cornea of fishes are reported to get destroyed; and fishes stop

feeding and die (Hossain et al., 2008). The entries of domestic sewage,

agricultural run-off and industrial waste in the pond are known to

influence the pH of pond water (Ravindra et al., 2003). The fish

production in water with pH ≤ 6 has been found to be poorer (Lazur et

al., 2002). Application of cow manure and supplementary feed has

also been known to lower pH level in carp culture ponds (Ahmed,

1993; Wahab et al., 1995). During summer reduction of depth,

continuous removal of water for irrigation purpose and heavy

infestation of weeds are known to cause degradation of water quality

parameters including decrease of pH (Mondal et al., 2010). The



distribution of hydrogen ion concentration, carbonate and carbon

dioxide are some of the major factors regulating the pH in aquaculture

ponds (Boyd, 1972). In the present investigation, the pH was found to

be alkaline throughout the study period; however, during summer the

values were comparatively higher (8.3 to 8.8) and during rainy season,

they were found to be lower (7.5 to 8.5), though in permissible limit.

During winter, the average pH values were observed to have ranged

from 8.1 to 8.7. The fishes are reported to do well in pH range 7.5 to

9.0 as suggested by Das et al. (2006) and Gupta et al. (2000). Similar

trend of alkaline pH has been observed by Bhatnagar and Singh

(2010) in fresh water fish culture ponds. The presently observed pH

level of pond water samples clearly indicates suitability of these ponds

for carp culture.

The results in Fig. 7.3 and Table 7.1-7.4 show the level of

dissolved oxygen (DO) in the ponds. The ponds 1 to 20 show normal

DO level (5.93 mg/L to 8.75 mg/L). The DO level during different

seasons was observed to be 7.12 to 8.55 mg/L, 5.93 to 8.75 mg/L and

6.87 to 8.55 mg/L during winter, monsoon and summer seasons

respectively. Comparatively higher DO level was observed during

winter. Among the investigated ponds, the DO level was found to be

quite higher in Gopalpura, Ashoder, Dharmaj, Adas, Napa as well as

Bhalej ponds and was lower in Lambhavel, Bakrol, Khambhorej,

Shapur, Sojitra and Dehmi village ponds. The oxygen values were

found quite normal and or higher in majority ponds and found close

to saturation in some of the ponds during the sampling period. The

DO content although showed seasonal variations in both the years, it

remained well above the minimum level (>5 ppm), which is required to

support good fish production as suggested by Jhingran (1991) and

Banerjea (1967). Exceptionally high DO content in winter and

monsoon might be due to the low temperature and entry of fresh

water in ponds with continued photosynthetic activity. A lower



temperature is known to favor greater dissolution of oxygen in water;

and DO more than 6 ppm is known to promote proper growth of fishes

and other organisms (Miller, 1994). The DO was observed to be

relatively lower (5.9 to 7.1 mg/L) during summer during the study

period possibly due to higher temperature. Several factors are known

to be responsible for reducing DO level of water in aquaculture system

like reduction of water depth, seepage and evaporation, application of

fertilizers and feed, heavy infestation of weeds, microbial

decomposition of the organic matter and increased respiratory

demand of organisms at high temperature (Rao, 1986; Wahab et al.,

1995; Ahmed, 1993; Ravindra et al., 2003; Mondal et al., 2010). The

oxygen level less than 4 mg/L is known to generate stress in fishes

(Mondal et al., 2010). A high fluctuations in DO content also have

been reported from reservoirs of India, high level during winter (11.59

mg/L) and low level during summer (3.41 mg/L) (Surve et al., 2005;

Tewari and Mishra, 2005). The DO level is considered significant both

as regulator of metabolic processes and as indicator of water quality

(Mondal et al., 2010). During present investigation, DO level was

observed to be satisfactory in carp ponds; and this is considered to be

safer for carp culture as proposed by Chowdhury and Al Mamun

(2004) and WHO (2004). This is indicative of a comparatively stable

ecosystem of investigated ponds with the right conditions for fish

culture. The similar trend in DO level has been detected in fresh water

fish culture ponds by several investigators; however, comparatively

lower DO level has been reported from fresh water fish culture units

from Kerala (Banerjea, 1967; El-Shafai et al., 2004; Surendraraj et al.,

2009; Pilarski et al., 2004; Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010).

The values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical

oxygen demand (COD) of water samples from earthen carp ponds

during the period of investigation are shown in Fig. 7.4 and 7.5. The



Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of oxygen utilized

by microorganisms in stabilizing the organic matter. The BOD level in

water samples is observed to have ranged from 4.15 to 7.70 mg/L.

The BOD level showed seasonal variations during two year study

period (Fig. 7.4); and is found within desirable limits, since BOD level

more than 35 mg/L is not considered suitable for fish culture (Pande

and Sharma, 1999). Among the investigated ponds, the BOD value

was found to be lowest in Jitodiya pond during monsoon (4.15 mg/L);

whereas the highest BOD value has been observed in Bakrol pond

during winter. In summer, the BOD level was found to be higher as

compared to monsoon; though, these values appeared almost similar

or somewhat lower as compared to their values during winter (Fig.

7.4). The high BOD indicates the presence of high organic matter

possibly because of excess entry of cattle and domestic sewage that

consumes dissolved oxygen; and BOD level is considered as one of the

important factors affecting the pond productivity (Bhatt et al., 1999;

Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). A sharp decline in BOD in late monsoon

and low BOD throughout the winter has been reported by

Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi (2006) in fish culture units. A

seasonal variation in BOD level in reservoir has been observed, with

low values in monsoon and high values in summer by Amirkolaie

(2008). One of the major factors responsible for low BOD value in

aquaculture units has been considered as low temperature, which

slow down the microbial activity (Bhatt et al., 1999). A high BOD

value has also been observed in fresh water ponds even without the

addition of fertilizers because of the entry of organic waste (Bhatnagar

and Singh, 2010). The low (BOD) level in the presently investigated

water samples suggest that the ponds are free from microbial

contamination. Comparatively lower level of BOD in water samples

during monsoon indicates the role of incoming intake of fresh water;

at the same time, comparatively equal values during summer and



winter could be due to change in the seasonal pattern. However it is

very clear that all the ponds are free of microbial contamination.

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of oxygen

equivalent to the organic matter content of the water susceptible to

oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant; and it is considered a reliable

parameter for judging the extent of pollution in water (Ravindra et al.,

2003; Amirkolaie, 2008). The COD values were found quite high

Bakrol, Mogari, Shahapur Ankalav, Dehmi and Sojitra ponds almost

during all the seasons (46.9-24.7 mg/L) (Table 7.1-7.4; Fig. 7.5). In

the remaining ponds, these values are comparatively low (10.36 to

23.70 mg/L). The COD level in the river water has been reported to

have fluctuated from very high 39.3 mg/L to very low 6.5 mg/L due to

the variation in the discharge of industrial as well as domestic waste

in water (Ravindra et al., 2003). The COD of water is known to

increase with increasing concentration of organic matter (Boyd, 1981).

The influence of seasonal variation on the level of COD in water

bodies associated with fisheries activities was also observed by

workers (Fokmare and Musaddiq, 2002; Garg et al., 2010). In the

present study, clear effect of seasonal variations on COD level could

not be detected. The higher level of COD in Bakrol, Mogari, Shapur

Ankalav, Dehmi and Sojitra ponds indicates higher level of chemical

pollution in these ponds. This could be due to the entry of chemical

toxicants as well as domestic waste and also could be due to heavy

anthropogenic activities. The presently detected COD level in carp

ponds indicates that at least 30% of ponds are exposed to higher

chemical pollution level. The high COD value indicates caution for fish

culture, and this information would help fish farmers in adopting

appropriate measures for safe culture practices.

In the present investigation, in majority of ponds, chlorine was

not detected; however in Bakrol, Lambhavel, Mogri, Napad, Shapur,

Jitodiya, Dehmi, Khambhorej, Ambali and Sojitra village ponds,



chlorine level has been found between 0.1 mg/L to 0.7 mg/L (Table

7.1-7.4; Fig. 7.6). A higher level of Cl- in inland water is considered as

an index of pollution. Sewage water and industrial effluents are rich

in Cl-; and discharge of these wastes results in high chlorine levels in

fresh water (Hasalam, 1994). In Yamuna River, very high Cl- level, up

to 64 mg/L, indicates the pollution state of the water due to

contamination by drain waters (Ravindra et al., 2003).

The hardness of water samples fluctuated from 66.9- 86.7 mg/L

during the summer, 73.7 to 96.1 mg/L in winter and 50.5- 67.6 in

monsoon (Table 7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.7). The variation in the values of total

hardness during different seasons in fish pond has also been detected

by Ravindra et al. (2003). Sawyer (1960) classified water on the basis

of hardness into three categories soft (0.00-75.0 mg/L), moderately

hard (75.00-150.00 mg/L) and hard (151.00-300.00 mg/L); and

hardness of 300 mg/L is permissible for domestic use (Ravindra et al.,

2003). The total hardness was observed to be higher in Amiyad,

Bakrol, Jitodiya as well as Gopalpura village ponds; and these values

were lower in Sojitra, Ambali, Napa as well as Napad ponds. The

hardness in pond water is mainly caused by divalent cations,

specifically calcium and magnesium; and it is an important

micronutrient required by aquatic animals (Ramachandra and Ahalya,

2001). During summer season, reduction of depth is known to result

in increase in hardness of water (Mondal et al., 2010). The deposition

of waste from different sources in the pond water has been reported to

be responsible for increasing hardness of water in wild as well as

manured carp culture ponds (Wahab et al., 1995; Bhatnagar and

Sanghwan, 2009; Bhatnagar et al., 2009). Different fish species are

known to perform differently with different hardness of water, and

their requirements vary from 50 to 200 mg/L (Ntengwe and Edema,

2008). High water hardness of aquaculture system leads to



eutrophication; at the same time, the pond water with somewhat

higher level of hardness indicates the ponds with higher trophic

status (Rai, 1971; Garg et al., 1998). According to Mateen et al.

(2004), higher hardness of water is more favorable and has no

negative effect on the growth of L. rohita and its hybrid. According to

the classification, investigated carp culture ponds of Anand district

falls in the category of soft water body to moderately hard water units;

and they appear quite suitable for fish culture. Comparatively lower

value of hardness during monsoon could be because of the dilution by

the entry of fresh water. The exact reason is not understood for

almost similar values of hardness during winter and summer;

however, the change in weather pattern during recent time and intake

of required water in the ponds from other sources like canal appear to

have played role in regulating the hardness level.

The accumulation of phosphate was observed during the

present study; and their level ranged from 6.7 to 10.3 mg/L (Table

7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.8) with highest value in Khambhorej pond in winter

and lowest value in Sojitra village pond in summer. The phosphate

level in fish pond has been associated with the growth of planktons

and algal cells (Deguchi et al., 1985). However, high phosphate level in

pond water has been considered as an indicator of organic pollution

(Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). Gupta et al. (2000) suggested the

optimum range of phosphate 0.01 mg/L for hatchery units and 0.01-

0.5 mg/L for brooder pond; the higher concentration causes algal and

cyanobacterial blooms, which can adversely affect larval stages. The

deposition of organic matter in water bodies contributes to increase in

the concentration of phosphate (Deguchi et al., 1985). The application

of feed and fertilizers are known to increase the concentration of

phosphate in pond water; and higher values of phosphate (0.09 to

5.20 mg/L), were observed just after fertilization (Paat et al., 1989;



Wahab et al., 1995). Even the stocking density of carp larvae were

reported to affect the values of phosphate (Sharma and Chakrabarti,

2004). A dense phytoplankton growth in lake during monsoon due to

the entry of phosphate rich agricultural runoff as well as during

winter due to prevalence of lower temperature by slower utilization by

phytoplanktons have been proposed by Sachidanandamurthy and

Yajurvedi (2006). Comparatively higher phosphate level has also been

observed in village ponds engaged in carp culture in Hariyana due to

the high organic load in these ponds (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010).

During present investigation, high phosphate content of carp pond

indicates the role of application of fertilizers and use of supplementary

feed; at the same time, entry of agricultural runoff, rich in phosphate

fertilizers, in increasing the phosphate level in pond water cannot be

ruled out.

Waste water from tanneries, paper mills and textile mills are

known to contribute to SO4 in natural water along with agricultural

runoff (Ravindra et al., 2003). The higher concentration of sulphates

(up to 8.87 mg/L) have been observed in Ramsagar lake during

summer season due to evaporation; however, the concentrations of

SO4 in Manchar lake water did not exceed the WHO recommended

values (WHO, 2004; Garg et al., 2010). The accumulation of sulphate

was observed during the present study in all 20 culture ponds; and

their level ranged from 2.84 to 10.04 mg/L (Table 7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.9).

The level of SO4 was observed to be more or less similar during

different seasons in the study area.

The alkalinity refers to the ability of water to neutralize the acid.

This is the buffering capacity of water, the buffering capacity basically

dependent on the bicarbonate and carbonate ions; and the calcium

carbonate is considered to be the primary buffer in water that

contribute to the total alkalinity (Peavy et al., 1985). The high pH and

alkalinity of pond water suggest that ponds are well buffered and in



high trophic status, alkalinity serves as a pH reservoir for inorganic

carbon; and it is usually taken as an index of productive potential of

the water (Manahan, 1992). Alkalinity is important for fish and

aquatic animals because it protects against rapid pH change; and

alkalinity less than 100 mg/L has been considered undesirable for

fish culture (Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi, 2006). According to

Ntengwe and Edema (2008), alkalinity above 80 mg/L is favorable for

tilapia. Lower alkalinity has been associated with increased hydrogen

ion concentration and low buffering capacity of water, which badly

affect the pond ecosystem and cause stress to the fishes (Hossain et

al., 2008). A seasonal fluctuation in alkalinity has been observed in

river water, higher alkalinity during low temperature (150 to 600

mg/L) and lower alkalinity during summer with higher temperature

(80 to 250 mg/L); and the level of alkalinity also indicates a greater

ability to support algal growth and other aquatic life (Manahan, 1992;

Ravindra et al., 2003). In the present study, very distinct seasonal

variations in alkalinity have not been detected; however, the alkalinity

was somewhat lower during monsoon, whereas it was comparatively

higher during winter (Table 7.2-7.5; Fig. 7.10). The present results

suggest that the ponds are alkaline, suitable for carp culture and in

good trophic status; and are comparable for culture practice to those

reported by Singh, (1998) and Chowdhury and Al Mamun (2004).

The values of ammonia and nitrite of water samples from

different carp culture ponds during the study period are shown in

Figs. 7.11 to 7.12 and Table 7.3-7.6. The ammonia content was found

to be high, and ranged from 0.4 mg/L to 1.4 mg/L. The ammonia level

appear to be very high (>1 mg/L) in almost 50% of the ponds mainly

in Jitodiya, Gopalpura, Shapur, Ashodar, Dehmi, Dabhov, Bhalej and

Amiyad village ponds. The seasonal variation in ammonia level

indicates that during monsoon, the level is found to be relatively low

(0.48 to 0.98 mg/L) in comparison to their values during winter (0.84



to 1.36 mg/L) and summer (0.65-1.44 mg/L). The ammonia level has

remained almost same during winter and summer, though it was

comparatively higher during summer. The total ammonia

concentration was reported to range from 0.0 to 0.43 mg/L in some

aquaculture units (Wahab et al., 1995). A relatively higher

concentration of ammonia appear to be due to the slowdown of

nitrification process, in which the conversion of ammonia to nitrite

and nitrate by oxidizing bacteria is hampered; at the same time, a low

and stable concentration of ammonia in ponds seemed to be due to

nitrification process in which ammonia is converted to nitrite by

ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Paat et al., 1989). Ammonia reaches to

pond water from sources like fish excreta, uneaten food, microbial

decay of nitrogenous compounds, high stocking density of fishes etc.;

and its level is known to increase during low oxygen level in pond

water (Merkens and Downing, 1957). Ammonia level is known to have

increased after feeding and also after manureing in aquaculture units

(Handy and Poxton, 1993). Ammonia concentration in the fertilized

ponds has been reported to be significantly (P<0.05) higher due to the

greater abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in these treatments; and

heterotrophic bacteria are known to utilize nitrogen rich substrate

and release ammonia or ammonium salts; however their effect is less

in water than in sediment (Garg et al., 1998). The differences in the

type of fish farm, the variable environmental parameters, the nature

and quality of fishes in the fish farm and the rate of renewal as well as

purity of water are the factors influencing the degree of ammonia

toxicity (Porrello et al., 2003). A large number of investigations have

been carried out on ammonia toxicity on fishes during rearing

(Munday et al., 1992). The ammonia level 0.09 to 3.35 mg/L was

reported to be toxic for aquatic organisms (Handy and Poxton, 1993).

The ammonia toxicity in fishes causes osmo-regulatory imbalances,



kidney failure and damage to gill epithelium leading to suffocation

(Meade, 1985; Barat and Jana, 1987; Porrello et al., 2003). According

to the report of Porrello et al. (2003), the ammonia effect can be

reduced by optimizing fish farming management practices mainly by

adapting proper feeding and by controlling water quality. The high

organic load in the ponds as well as high concentration of certain ions

like calcium, magnesium and phosphate were also responsible for

high ammonia in the pond (Harrison, 1978; Barat and Jana, 1987).

Relatively higher ammonia concentration in the carp ponds has been

considered as one of the major factors affecting growth of the fishes

and productivity of pond (Bhatnagar and Singh, 2010). The presently

observed lower ammonia in monsoon and higher ammonia level in

summer in culture ponds is in agreement with the seasonal variations

in ammonia level observed in carp ponds by Garg et al. (2010). The

change in the weather pattern could be responsible for higher

ammonia level during winter. The mannuring practices appear to be

responsible for higher ammonia level in majority of presently

investigated carp ponds. This clearly indicates the requirement of

proper pond management practice for better culture conditions.

In the pond, ammonia is known to be converted to nitrite and

than in to nitrate by oxidizing bacteria by nitrification process (Paat et

al., 1989). According to Ghosh and Mohanty (1981), the nitrite does

not accumulate because the ammonia oxidizing rate is slower than

the nitrite-oxidizing rate; and during complete nitrification, the nitrite

and ammonia usually remain at low concentration. Bacterial

oxidation of ammonia results in the formation of nitrate and nitrite;

and they should remain within the limits to prevent mortality of fish

larval stages (Mohan and Choudhary, 2010). The limited oxidation

rate of nitrite causes its build up; and for salmonid culture, 0.015

mg/L of nitrite has been considered optimum (Iwama et al., 2000).

Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi (2006) also reported significant



variations in nitrite level in aquaculture ponds during different

months. During present investigations, nitrite level (Table 7.3-7.6; Fig.

7.12) has been detected as 0.13 mg/L (Napa) to 1.02 mg/L (Ambali);

and found to be quite high than permissible limit as per the report of

(Mohan and Choudhary, 2010). The lower nitrite level during

monsoon as compared to other seasons could be because of the

dilution of water.

Chlorides are known to occur in fresh water as a result of

dissolution of salts (Arain et al., 2008). The chloride concentrations

higher than 200 mg/L are considered to be hazardous for human

health and are known to cause unpleasant taste of water (WHO, 2004;

Arain et al., 2008). Very high chlorides in water are also considered as

pollution indicators of water body (Sachidanandamurthy and

Yajurvedi, 2006; Bhatnagar and Sanghwan, 2009). Bhatnagar and

Singh (2010) reported comparatively higher chloride level in wild pond

also due to the entry of waste. No clear influence of seasonal

variations on chloride content of pond water has been detected in the

present work (Table 7.3-7.6; Fig. 7.13). High chloride content in

Dabhov (85.0 mg/L), Ashoder (80.1 mg/L), Napad (80.0 mg/L),

Shapur (77.1 mg/L), Bakrol (71.0), Jitodiya (76.6 mg/L), Dharmaj

(73.4 mg/L) and Adas (75.7 mg/L) ponds indicate the role of higher

temperature and higher evaporation during summer; however, during

the investigations, chemical treatment of the pond cannot be ruled

out for its higher level; although, fish farmers have not disclosed

about the chemical treatment. The sulfate and chloride contents of

carp pond water samples have been detected as 2.8 to 10.0 mg/L and

35.9 to 85.01 mg/L respectively. Both these parameters are found to

be in permissible limit as per the guide lines of WHO (2004).

During the present investigations the total dissolved solids

(TDS) was found to be 11.95 mg/L to 16.08 mg/L and 16.74 mg/L to

21.70 mg/L in winter and monsoon respectively (Table 7.3-7.6; Fig.



7.14). The TDS levels in samples have showed seasonal fluctuations

throughout the study period. The TDS for all the stations were within

the range of the standard level of 500 mg/L set by the USA

Environmental Protection Agency (Charkhabi and Sakizadeh, 2006).

Klein (1992) has reported that the excess amount of TDS in water

disturb ecological balance and cause suffocation of aquatic life. A

maximum value of 400 mg/L of TDS is permissible for diverse fish

population (Nadeem 1994; Pejman et al., 2009). Moreover, higher

turbidity of pond water during monsoon appears to be responsible for

higher TDS level in pond water during this season.

Tables 7.7 to 7.10 show the concentration of different heavy

metals in water samples of all 20 carp culture ponds. The

concentration of heavy metals like arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, mercury

were found below detection limit in all the investigated ponds;

whereas copper, manganese, nickel and zinc have been detected in

water samples during investigation; and the effect of seasonal changes

on the level of these metals could not be observed clearly. During the

investigations, the concentration of copper, manganese, nickel and

zinc have been detected in the ranges (0.001 to 0.68 mg/L), (0.003 to

1.049 mg/L), (0.002 to 0.044 mg/L) and (0.008 to 1.076 mg/L)

respectively in all the investigated ponds (Tables 7.7 to 7.10). The

concentrations of several of heavy metals are found to be below the

drinking water standard as suggested by Liang et al. (1999); however,

the level of copper, manganese, nickel and zinc appear to be higher.

Many studies have been conducted to understand the metal

concentration in fresh water aquaculture systems and other natural

water bodies. The results in the present study demonstrate that there

is a possibility of accumulation of some of the metals in carps through

the food web as they have filter feeding mechanism. Accumulation of

heavy metals by the microbiota and subsequent accumulation in the

food chain in higher trophic levels may adversely affect the entire



ecosystem (Vinikour et al., 1980). Several mechanisms are known for

the removal of heavy metals in pond water like complexing with

organic and inorganic compounds, adsorption, precipitation and

sedimentation (Lazerte et al., 1989). The alkaline pH in the fish ponds

also facilitates the removal of heavy metals; and ponds with little or

no buffering capacity tend to have higher concentrations of metals

(Polpraset, 1982; Horne and Dunson, 1995). Apart from the above

mentioned factors, algae can also play an important role in the

elimination of metals in water by producing low molecular weight

compounds of high chelating capacity (Balasubramanian et al., 1992).

The metals like Cr, Zn and Pb can interact with organic matter in

water and settle down, resulting in high concentrations in sediments

and they get deposited in different fish species including carp (Singer,

1977; Balasubramanian et al., 1992). Various fish species accumulate

different amounts of metals due to different feeding habits; and their

bioaccumulation in fish depends on the bioavailability of metals, their

metabolism and their elimination in the target organism as well as

physico-chemical parameters of the water (Hollis et al., 1997;

Jezierska and Witeska, 2001). The results have indicated that

majority of investigated fish culture ponds of Anand district are free

from heavy metal contamination; however, presence of copper, cobalt,

zinc, nickel and manganese in pond water samples clearly indicate

the contamination due to anthropogenic activity; and is a matter of

concern. This suggests requirement of regular monitoring of ponds.

The results of quantitative estimation of indicator bacteria total

viable count (TVC), total vibrio (TV) total fecal coliforms (TFC) and

fecal streptococci (TFS) in carp culture ponds during different seasons

are given in Table 7.11 and 7.12; Figs. 7.14 to 7.18. This is the first

report on the level of indicator bacterial population of aquaculture

ponds of Anand district (Gujarat); and these results would contribute

in understanding bacterial load of carp culture units, which could



cause the disease in fishes if present in higher levels. The indicator

bacterial load in all the pond water samples were found to be in

permissible limit as per the WHO (2004) guidelines; the count has

been observed as TVC (3.03 to 5.61 log CFU/ml), TV (1.14 to 3.68 Log

CFU/ml), TFC (86.5 to 194.5 MPN/100ml) and TFS (65.0 to 161.0

MPN/100ml). The results are comparable to the data reported by

Surendraraj et al. (2009) for fresh water fish culture. The dominant

bacterial flora of fresh water carp culture ponds include Aeromonas,

Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, Hafnia, Plesimonas, Salmonella,

Yersinia; and the TVC, TV, TFC and TFS are considered as native

flora of fresh water fishes (Surendran et al., 1995; Surendraraj et al.,

2009). There are reports on the Enterobacteriaceae as a potential fish

and human pathogen from carp and its earthen culture environment

(Karunasagar et al., 1992). The existence of pathogenic bacteria in fish

culture environment is an indication of contamination in ponds; and

the bacterial flora under stress conditions could give rise to fish

epizootics (Nedoluha and Westhoff, 1997; Al-Harbi and Uddin, 2004).

As per the report of Austin and Austin (1993), disease causing

bacteria such as A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be

present in the culture system in high number. In aquatic system,

environmental parameters temperature, salinity, pH, DO, TOC, BOD,

COD and ammonia are known to play important role in the

distribution and growth of bacteria (Palaniappan, 1982; Jana and

Barat, 1983; Sugita et al., 1985; Markosova and Jezek, 1994;

Ferguson et al., 1996; Surendraraj et al., 2009). The fish biomass,

accumulation of fish faeces, feeding and pond fertilization are known

to contribute to the higher bacterial count (Lalitha and Surendran,

2004; Markosova and Jezek, 1994). To maintain the fish culture

efficiently, proper pond preparation, seeding quality, moderate

stocking density, good water quality, less feed waste and routine



monitoring are required to reduce the bacterial load and ultimately to

reduce the chance of disease outbreak (Ganesh et al., 2010).

In the present study, TFS were detected as 65.0 to 161.0

MPN/100ml. According to the report of WHO (1989), the permissible

limit of coliform for pond aquaculture is 1000 MPN/100mL. The E.

coli was reported as predominant enteric bacteria from intestine of

carp and tilapia as well as from pond water (Ogbondeminu, 1993).

Boyd and Tanner (1989) mentioned that pond environment receives

fecal coliform via warm blooded animal faeces; and they represent a

potential problem in pond management. In the present study, TFC

counts in water samples were lower as compared to tiger prawn farms

in India (Surendran et al., 1995) and also as compared to tilapia

culture ponds; and no seasonal fluctuation in their count has been

detected during present investigations. However, during rainy season,

entry of runoff water with contaminants is suggested to be the cause

of coliform contamination in ponds as suggested by Doyle and Ericson

(2006).

During the study period, the TVC ranged from 3.49 to 5.61 Log

CFU/ml in summer, 3.45 to 5.05 Log CFU/ml in monsoon and 3.03

to 5.59 Log CFU/ml in winter. The results of bacterial counts were in

the order of summer > winter > monsoon; and the count is lower than

values recorded for farmed carp in India, for Cyprinid culture facilities

and also their count reported by several other investigators (Ampofo

and Clerk, 2003; Nayyarahamed et al., 1995; Sugita et al., 1985; Jun

et al., 2000; Jeyasekaran and Ayyappan, 2003; Ahmed and Naim,

2003). Heavy raining during monsoon and entry of surface run off in

ponds are reported to contribute to the abnormally higher count of

bacteria. The water samples from different ponds showed small

differences in their count during different seasons. A limited seasonal

fluctuation in the bacterial counts in river fishery has been reported



by Austin and Allen-Austin (1985). The present study has revealed

that the potential disease causing bacteria like Streptococcus sp. and

Vibrio sp. are present in the culture system in quite low level; and this

clearly suggest that presently analyzed culture ponds are free of

bacterial contamination. The presently observed bacterial counts are

found to be quite lower than the counts recorded by Ntengwe and

Edema (2008) and Ahmed and Naim (2003); and the bacterial

composition is quite similar to the bacterial count reported by

Sivakami et al. (1996) from the carp pond water from Tamil Nadu. The

present investigation indicates that the physico-chemical and

microbiological qualities of carp culture ponds of Anand district are

found to be quite suitable for fish culture. However, higher ammonia

level and COD level in some of the village ponds indicate higher

organic loading in the ponds and suggest for appropriate measures.

The presently detected levels of some of the heavy metals in water

samples need further consideration form farm management practice.



Figs. 7.1 to 7.18 represent average values of physico-chemical and

microbiological parameters of water samples of carp culture ponds

analyzed during the years 2008-20010.

Note: In the figures (7.1 to 7.18), X axis indicates the number of ponds and Y axis

indicates the value measured.



Figure 7.1 seasonal variations in temperature of fresh water fish culture pond of Anand district.

Figure 7.2 seasonal variations in pH in different culture ponds of Anand district. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.3 Seasonal variation in DO of fresh water fish culture ponds.

Figure 7.4 Seasonal variations in BOD. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.5 Seasonal variations in COD.

Figure 7.6 Seasonal variations in chlorine level. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.7 Seasonal variations in hardness.

Figure 7.8 Seasonal variations in phosphate content. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.9 Seasonal variations in sulphate.

Figure 7.10 Seasonal variation in alkalinity of carp culture ponds. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.11 Seasonal variation in ammonia.

Figure 7.12 Seasonal variations in nitrite. † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.13 Seasonal variation in chloride of fresh water ponds.

Figure 7.14 Seasonal variations in total dissolved solids (TDS). † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.15 Seasonal variation of total viable count (TVC).

Figure 7.16 Seasonal variations in total vibrio (TV). † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Figure 7.17 Seasonal variations in total fecal coliform (TFC).

Figure 7.18 Seasonal variations in total fecal streptococci (TFS). † Data represent mean ± S.E. n=6. (1=Lambhvel; 2=Bakrol; 3=Mogri; 4=Napad; 5=Napa; 6=Jitodiya; 7=Gopalpura; 8=Shapur; 9=Ankalav; 10=Ashoder; 11=Dharmaj; 12=Dehmi; 13=Adas; 14=Khambhorej; 15=Dabhov; 16=Ambali; 17=Amiyad; 18=Bhalej; 19=Sojitra; 20=Mughrol).



Table 7.1 Physico-chemical parameters temperature, BOD, COD and chlorine (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location

Parameters (2008-2009)

Temp (oc) pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Chlorine (mg/L)

W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 25.20 25.53 28.90 8.34 8.24 8.87 5.49 5.50 7.63 6.82 3.98 6.34 13.27 14.65 14.53 0.53 ND ND

Bakrol 26.10 28.37 31.73 8.72 8.40 8.40 7.03 7.57 7.64 7.98 5.46 5.28 48.60 49.37 44.33 0.82 0.85 0.43

Mogri 25.20 27.27 25.33 8.35 8.42 8.32 7.59 8.30 6.67 6.92 5.23 5.28 34.80 30.10 30.97 ND 0.31 0.27

Napad 24.23 26.70 30.20 8.40 8.25 8.32 8.82 7.30 8.30 6.08 5.64 5.42 18.47 13.20 15.70 ND 0.53 0.29

Napa 23.20 26.03 30.17 8.37 8.21 8.93 8.42 8.50 8.50 6.88 4.73 5.99 20.20 19.13 20.70 ND ND ND

Jitodiya 27.30 25.63 28.33 8.82 8.14 8.74 7.67 5.50 8.20 8.14 3.94 6.04 13.30 12.83 19.20 0.20 ND ND

Gopalpura 24.27 26.67 29.27 8.33 8.24 8.91 8.90 8.79 8.32 7.28 4.64 5.84 25.37 18.20 23.20 ND ND ND

Shapur 20.77 26.43 31.20 8.52 8.42 8.71 8.29 6.30 6.53 6.23 5.91 6.24 30.20 21.20 28.47 0.40 0.50 0.30

Ankalav 21.40 29.23 30.47 8.19 8.32 8.64 7.92 7.60 7.63 7.23 4.08 6.37 32.17 36.27 36.43 ND ND ND

Ashoder 23.43 27.17 30.50 8.20 7.92 8.61 8.69 8.03 6.47 7.67 4.12 5.97 20.20 23.23 18.47 ND ND ND

Dharmaj 22.10 22.77 29.87 8.55 7.87 8.77 8.17 8.23 7.00 7.05 4.21 6.22 14.40 19.70 16.47 ND ND ND

Dehmi 21.00 28.07 27.50 8.67 8.22 8.48 7.74 8.40 7.60 7.77 4.54 6.49 28.20 25.40 20.13 0.17 0.19 0.13

Adas 24.17 25.37 28.87 8.74 8.31 8.57 8.56 6.62 7.60 7.19 5.11 6.15 13.47 15.13 17.30 ND ND ND

Khambhorej 23.53 26.57 28.40 8.26 8.10 8.71 7.49 7.11 7.53 6.15 4.54 6.21 17.53 13.40 12.93 ND 0.15 0.11

Dabhov 18.20 28.40 31.27 8.42 8.37 8.58 7.98 7.33 5.47 6.91 4.08 6.25 17.40 18.67 17.20 ND ND ND

Ambali 25.17 28.50 32.37 8.67 7.57 8.33 8.02 8.37 8.30 6.75 4.68 5.99 19.13 21.20 22.17 0.19 ND ND

Amiyad 22.17 27.17 27.30 8.76 8.31 8.40 8.56 7.47 8.63 7.01 4.94 6.89 12.27 11.13 14.87 ND ND ND

Bhalej 26.67 27.07 30.20 8.56 7.96 8.72 8.65 6.47 7.87 6.99 4.65 6.04 17.50 16.70 16.20 ND ND ND

Sojitra 24.27 25.37 26.50 8.86 8.50 8.35 8.34 8.10 8.17 7.24 4.74 5.84 26.40 20.73 26.13 ND 0.40 0.29

Mughrol 23.13 26.00 29.43 7.72 7.72 8.70 8.24 7.60 7.93 7.23 4.61 6.05 10.20 12.13 14.13 ND ND ND



Table 7.2 Physico-chemical parameters hardness, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity and ammonia (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Hardness (mg/L) Phosphate (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Ammonia (mg/L)

W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 83.49 50.88 71.74 9.69 10.28 6.74 8.69 7.88 5.54 1079.33 849.67 1026.33 1.01 0.55 0.81

Bakrol 91.41 56.18 63.44 8.71 8.88 9.14 7.41 4.58 5.34 1056.67 1116.67 938.33 1.14 1.15 1.15

Mogri 83.81 64.76 75.15 9.11 10.36 8.35 9.01 7.06 6.05 1020.00 935.00 931.00 0.92 0.67 1.20

Napad 75.88 54.48 84.15 9.88 9.48 8.05 8.78 6.38 4.55 1116.67 1076.67 951.67 0.97 0.54 1.41

Napa 88.90 51.84 87.32 8.60 10.44 9.52 8.20 5.84 6.92 1030.00 1085.33 1030.33 0.90 0.80 0.96

Jitodiya 98.04 65.08 65.67 7.94 10.58 7.47 7.54 6.58 5.27 1050.33 1077.33 1243.67 0.88 0.48 1.15

Gopalpura 97.18 55.09 66.57 9.98 9.29 8.57 8.48 6.99 5.17 978.33 597.33 724.67 0.97 0.64 1.42

Shapur 94.83 64.04 73.11 8.83 8.34 9.71 9.03 5.64 6.21 1066.67 978.00 1050.33 0.99 0.98 1.11

Ankalav 82.64 58.44 85.18 10.14 9.74 9.38 7.84 4.74 5.98 853.67 928.00 776.67 0.99 0.80 0.87

Ashoder 91.57 64.09 76.37 8.67 9.89 9.27 8.97 6.99 4.57 978.33 711.33 1049.33 0.87 0.57 1.16

Dharmaj 72.82 56.21 72.41 8.92 8.41 8.21 8.12 6.81 4.81 1026.33 981.00 1042.33 1.02 0.97 0.39

Dehmi 87.21 57.61 63.71 9.71 9.21 7.91 9.71 7.81 6.91 1079.67 981.67 983.67 0.96 0.87 1.07

Adas 77.06 62.05 86.51 10.26 9.75 9.81 9.26 7.55 5.21 1085.67 963.33 1064.33 1.04 0.59 1.48

Khambhorej 88.08 63.73 69.57 9.58 9.13 7.33 7.88 6.63 2.93 1136.33 1146.67 1173.00 0.87 0.56 1.31

Dabhov 91.65 66.31 77.97 9.05 9.81 9.57 8.65 7.31 5.87 1056.67 1068.00 971.67 1.41 0.56 1.18

Ambali 75.04 53.18 72.91 10.24 9.18 8.01 8.04 5.08 4.71 933.33 844.33 769.67 1.42 0.90 1.65

Amiyad 94.80 55.87 88.49 8.10 9.37 8.89 8.90 7.37 5.79 1083.00 968.33 1024.00 1.72 0.57 1.39

Bhalej 73.59 62.08 81.49 8.99 9.18 6.79 7.99 6.58 2.89 1175.00 1279.00 1185.67 1.20 0.60 1.24

Sojitra 95.46 52.08 89.41 8.76 9.78 6.81 9.06 4.98 6.61 1033.33 1080.33 936.33 0.97 0.68 1.25

Mughrol 81.70 62.64 61.78 9.60 9.84 6.78 9.30 8.54 6.38 960.33 959.67 877.67 0.98 0.68 1.17



Table 7.3 Physico-chemical parameters nitrite, chloride and TDS (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Nitrite (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) TDS (mg/L)

W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 0.63 0.29 0.47 57.51 33.42 52.55 14.19 21.28 15.74

Bakrol 0.55 0.17 0.40 66.06 32.29 78.62 15.41 20.08 14.84

Mogri 0.67 0.25 0.82 46.08 39.46 72.94 16.11 18.66 16.05

Napad 0.42 0.15 0.79 44.04 34.45 86.56 12.48 20.87 18.25

Napa 0.53 0.13 0.81 61.88 40.50 59.63 15.60 12.84 17.62

Jitodiya 0.63 0.33 0.73 56.98 38.97 86.79 16.84 19.18 17.21

Gopalpura 0.52 0.26 0.69 53.34 38.12 76.82 16.38 19.08 16.57

Shapur 0.48 0.33 0.72 64.28 34.42 84.83 12.73 20.04 14.31

Ankalav 0.43 0.15 0.64 47.68 41.72 53.40 16.24 18.74 18.58

Ashoder 0.59 0.32 0.57 42.63 39.55 83.86 14.17 13.89 16.87

Dharmaj 0.48 0.55 0.29 46.74 38.99 79.37 14.92 22.01 14.91

Dehmi 0.60 0.31 0.67 45.90 36.81 80.08 12.91 18.31 17.31

Adas 0.57 0.53 0.91 51.64 41.37 82.40 12.06 22.25 13.91

Khambhorej 0.63 0.11 0.99 58.83 36.28 56.54 15.48 19.03 16.63

Dabhov 1.03 0.14 0.95 46.83 37.18 83.13 15.35 20.51 15.47

Ambali 1.23 0.51 0.88 50.30 33.07 54.62 13.34 18.98 17.31

Amiyad 1.44 0.28 1.02 61.95 32.24 76.76 13.80 18.17 14.99

Bhalej 0.82 0.13 0.69 55.49 42.98 56.74 14.49 22.18 16.29

Sojitra 0.76 0.44 0.77 45.86 37.24 76.21 15.46 13.68 17.61

Mughrol 0.84 0.30 0.58 41.26 35.45 77.81 13.20 18.24 13.14



Table 7.4 Physico-chemical parameters temperature, BOD, COD and chlorine (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Temp (oc) pH DO (mg/L) BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L) Chlorine (mg/L)

W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 25.13 27.17 31.23 8.65 7.81 8.85 8.74 8.50 7.73 6.86 4.58 6.54 15.40 16.63 16.40 0.40 ND ND

Bakrol 23.40 26.37 28.37 8.74 8.31 8.31 8.47 7.40 7.67 7.70 4.47 5.46 45.27 46.47 46.50 0.74 0.65 0.36

Mogri 27.73 25.80 27.53 8.65 8.35 8.40 7.50 8.37 7.07 6.66 4.59 6.11 37.70 27.90 32.50 ND 0.33 0.26

Napad 25.77 24.33 29.30 8.56 7.82 8.81 7.73 7.50 8.20 6.63 5.26 5.89 20.63 12.97 13.40 ND 0.51 0.27

Napa 23.63 27.63 30.23 8.54 7.83 8.82 8.43 8.30 8.60 7.14 4.74 6.41 18.47 23.53 23.17 ND ND ND

Jitodiya 22.50 29.37 31.93 8.44 7.89 8.35 7.00 8.20 8.37 7.34 4.01 6.61 17.53 14.20 20.13 0.30 ND ND

Gopalpura 24.50 26.27 27.63 8.64 7.64 8.79 9.15 8.71 8.16 7.34 4.31 6.51 36.47 14.47 21.13 ND ND ND

Shapur 21.80 25.37 31.23 8.73 7.28 8.37 8.50 5.57 7.60 6.75 5.63 6.23 32.30 23.33 29.77 0.37 0.61 0.31

Ankalav 24.63 28.37 27.27 8.70 7.84 8.31 8.40 5.60 7.73 6.97 4.48 6.30 34.07 36.43 36.70 ND ND ND

Ashoder 24.33 26.47 28.57 8.67 8.54 8.40 8.23 7.63 7.53 7.21 5.19 5.84 22.20 24.17 19.40 ND ND ND

Dharmaj 22.17 26.10 30.97 8.03 7.21 8.48 8.32 7.90 8.67 7.18 4.54 6.12 15.20 16.70 19.13 ND ND ND

Dehmi 25.90 24.97 29.33 7.74 8.13 8.48 8.22 7.63 7.50 5.29 5.08 6.02 26.47 23.20 21.37 0.10 0.27 0.16

Adas 25.37 26.80 27.27 8.46 7.53 8.70 8.31 6.57 8.07 7.06 5.27 6.19 14.50 14.47 16.47 ND ND ND

Khambhorej 25.33 28.30 30.60 8.25 7.39 8.71 7.41 7.57 8.40 6.42 4.95 5.72 18.70 12.20 14.70 ND 0.16 0.11

Dabhov 25.97 25.50 29.30 8.42 7.62 8.69 8.33 6.67 8.27 7.23 4.71 6.19 19.50 15.63 14.20 ND ND ND

Ambali 24.57 25.57 27.47 7.81 8.33 8.49 8.68 5.80 5.80 7.10 4.67 5.85 18.67 20.13 21.67 0.23 ND ND

Amiyad 26.23 27.87 28.43 7.63 8.32 8.61 8.54 8.43 8.37 6.80 5.15 6.78 16.53 14.20 13.17 ND ND ND

Bhalej 26.63 27.13 30.47 8.63 8.39 8.50 8.33 8.40 6.57 6.91 5.34 5.78 14.83 18.87 17.53 ND ND ND

Sojitra 21.47 25.20 27.83 8.54 8.53 8.44 8.23 8.37 8.40 7.01 4.74 5.88 23.13 19.20 24.40 ND 0.43 0.31

Mughrol 23.20 26.23 31.30 8.64 8.17 8.63 8.36 7.27 7.90 7.22 5.00 6.20 10.53 13.67 15.13 ND ND ND



Table 7.5 Physico-chemical parameters hardness, phosphate, sulphate, alkalinity and ammonia (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Hardness (mg/L) Phosphate (mg/L) Sulphate (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Ammonia (mg/L)

W M S W M S W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 91.52 55.58 86.64 9.52 9.58 7.94 8.52 4.98 5.34 1048.33 891.33 1047.00 0.81 0.45 1.27

Bakrol 97.08 64.137 69.35 10.48 8.10 7.24 9.18 1.11 5.28 982.67 1123.67 1055.00 1.48 0.81 0.81

Mogri 84.32 66.56 78.08 9.32 8.59 8.24 7.55 7.43 4.75 949.00 1053.00 1020.33 1.49 0.58 0.56

Napad 76.35 55.24 76.22 10.12 8.34 7.42 9.96 9.14 5.22 1208.33 1220.00 970.00 1.30 0.53 0.79

Napa 93.58 62.13 86.19 9.08 8.83 7.89 9.68 5.93 3.59 875.00 1121.67 1040.00 1.00 0.43 0.82

Jitodiya 91.74 64.44 71.94 9.14 6.84 6.84 9.24 7.64 4.74 1034.00 1042.33 1179.67 1.34 0.59 0.90

Gopalpura 86.28 53.04 83.84 10.58 9.14 7.24 9.68 6.64 6.04 862.67 564.00 632.67 1.38 0.52 1.13

Shapur 90.25 64.77 63.61 9.25 7.97 7.71 10.15 5.27 5.51 1049.67 1043.67 1082.00 1.45 0.71 0.79

Ankalav 93.16 58.13 85.44 10.16 9.33 8.64 9.26 6.63 6.04 814.33 969.00 784.00 1.19 0.58 0.59

Ashoder 96.28 66.44 87.14 10.88 8.04 7.24 8.38 7.64 6.24 942.67 1026.00 951.67 1.23 0.50 0.73

Dharmaj 75.53 64.08 75.97 8.23 6.88 8.87 8.73 8.88 5.47 976.00 1068.33 1070.00 1.09 0.39 0.92

Dehmi 98.273 65.38 84.67 9.27 9.08 6.87 10.37 5.18 5.87 1057.33 1020.33 932.67 1.49 0.37 0.90

Adas 82.22 56.64 65.57 9.12 9.34 8.57 9.12 5.54 4.07 1030.00 975.67 1076.33 1.11 0.57 0.96

Khambhorej 83.66 70.21 72.43 11.16 9.41 7.43 9.56 6.11 5.83 1057.00 1132.67 1098.33 1.11 0.49 0.59

Dabhov 95.60 69.07 81.92 9.90 9.07 8.32 8.60 8.17 5.32 1067.67 1053.33 1022.00 0.81 0.40 0.99

Ambali 77.85 54.45 88.04 9.75 9.05 9.04 9.95 6.65 5.54 1021.67 812.00 798.67 1.06 0.56 1.24

Amiyad 97.58 58.84 78.52 11.68 7.44 7.82 9.28 5.74 4.62 1061.00 977.33 1081.67 1.02 0.45 1.14

Bhalej 73.82 67.88 88.25 10.02 8.98 8.45 10.42 9.38 6.35 1063.33 1072.67 1083.33 1.18 0.47 0.84

Sojitra 84.63 48.99 77.25 9.13 10.69 6.75 9.43 6.39 5.15 1039.00 1065.33 770.67 1.02 0.54 0.74

Mughrol 84.11 59.09 72.16 9.91 8.49 8.46 9.51 8.49 5.86 943.33 1058.33 752.67 0.71 0.33 0.75



Table 7.6 Physico-chemical parameters nitrite, chloride and TDS (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Nitrite (mg/L) Chloride (mg/L) TDS (mg/L)

W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 0.49 0.17 0.97 48.10 41.54 82.48 14.92 21.38 15.04

Bakrol 1.03 0.11 0.32 55.92 46.97 63.49 11.88 20.40 17.88

Mogri 0.97 0.30 0.38 52.58 40.58 60.84 16.05 18.76 14.01

Napad 0.85 0.18 0.42 57.42 37.50 75.27 11.42 19.04 16.42

Napa 0.73 0.13 0.58 40.70 42.87 71.07 14.78 20.63 14.09

Jitodiya 0.92 0.18 0.59 61.86 44.37 66.41 15.24 19.14 17.34

Gopalpura 0.84 0.16 0.82 55.41 46.31 73.12 15.48 18.84 16.34

Shapur 1.04 0.51 0.42 52.50 41.92 69.52 13.85 19.87 16.51

Ankalav 0.79 0.19 0.50 63.11 45.12 78.72 10.65 20.43 17.64

Ashoder 0.90 0.16 0.31 56.83 36.16 76.31 15.98 21.34 11.74

Dharmaj 0.62 0.21 0.61 41.60 39.11 67.56 14.93 21.38 16.57

Dehmi 1.04 0.22 0.75 49.08 42.13 72.55 14.97 22.18 15.67

Adas 0.71 0.20 0.53 60.56 40.19 69.07 15.22 20.04 14.57

Khambhorej 0.58 0.18 0.30 55.57 42.72 74.60 15.16 19.01 18.03

Dabhov 0.51 0.21 0.73 54.11 41.46 86.90 14.50 18.77 14.12

Ambali 0.61 0.14 1.16 41.61 66.29 77.55 14.25 21.45 18.14

Amiyad 0.54 0.15 0.66 50.43 40.88 66.17 15.08 19.08 16.02

Bhalej 0.73 0.19 0.45 43.92 45.83 86.60 14.32 20.18 18.35

Sojitra 0.79 0.14 0.58 54.48 36.70 70.23 11.43 22.39 16.05

Mughrol 0.55 0.11 0.36 50.24 44.88 72.87 14.31 21.19 15.16



Table 7.7 Different heavy metal concentration (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Arsenic Cadmium Cobalt Copper

W S M W S M W S M W S M

Lambhvel BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.005 0.008

Bakrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.014 0.008 0.005

Mogri BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 1.226 0.017

Napad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.686 0.005

Napa BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.016 0.005 0.012

Jitodiya BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.195 0.008 0.005

Gopalpura BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.012 0.014 0.008

Shapur BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.035 0.018 0.338

Ankalav BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.011 0.005 0.003

Ashoder BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 0.005 1.099

Dharmaj BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.003 0.020

Dehmi BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 0.011 0.005

Adas BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.008 0.008

Khambhorej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.020 0.011

Dabhov BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.011 0.008

Ambali BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 0.005 0.005

Amiyad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.069 0.005 1.005

Bhalej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.015 0.008

Sojitra BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.008 0.015 0.014

Mughrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.005 0.005




Location


Manganese Mercury Nickel Zinc


Lambhvel 0.031 0.034 0.050 BDL BDL BDL 0.019 0.043 0.019 0.040 0.043 0.034

Bakrol 0.092 0.043 0.012 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.031 0.020 0.043

Mogri 1.049 0.086 1.027 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.032 0.015 0.037 0.032 1.076

Napad 0.022 0.077 0.045 BDL BDL BDL 0.019 0.045 0.019 0.045 0.045 0.086

Napa 0.025 0.021 0.030 BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.040 0.050 0.043 0.040 0.021

Jitodiya 0.031 0.033 0.031 BDL BDL BDL 0.022 0.043 0.022 0.038 0.043 0.033

Gopalpura 0.044 0.040 0.031 BDL BDL BDL 0.029 0.024 0.029 0.055 0.024 0.040

Shapur 0.020 0.040 0.034 BDL BDL BDL 0.026 0.014 0.026 0.045 0.014 0.040

Ankalav 0.046 0.033 0.046 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.022 0.027 0.043 0.022 0.033

Ashoder 0.039 0.045 0.048 BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.012 0.023 0.042 0.012 0.045

Dharmaj 0.047 0.032 0.043 BDL BDL BDL 0.031 0.043 0.031 0.037 0.043 0.032

Dehmi 0.047 0.040 0.034 BDL BDL BDL 0.030 0.034 0.307 0.037 0.034 0.040

Adas 0.056 0.033 0.040 BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.037 0.023 0.037 0.037 0.033

Khambhorej 0.052 0.025 0.028 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.038 0.015 0.045 0.038 0.025

Dabhov 0.038 0.034 0.043 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.025 0.027 0.039 0.025 0.034

Ambali 0.052 0.031 0.054 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.037 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.031

Amiyad 0.052 0.045 0.054 BDL BDL BDL 0.016 0.029 0.016 0.035 0.029 0.045

Bhalej 0.049 0.041 0.050 BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.035 0.021 0.025 0.035 0.041

Sojitra 0.031 0.016 0.052 BDL BDL BDL 0.030 0.025 0.030 0.026 0.025 0.016

Mughrol 0.037 0.015 0.052 BDL BDL BDL 0.035 0.038 0.035 0.031 0.038 0.015




Location


Arsenic Cadmium Cobalt Copper


Lambhvel BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.085 0.004 0.067

Bakrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.032 0.006 0.018

Mogri BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.088 0.008 0.061

Napad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.011 0.010 0.057

Napa BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.006 0.057

Jitodiya BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.057 0.005 0.088

Gopalpura BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.014 0.001 0.018

Shapur BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.145 0.004 0.057

Ankalav BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.002 0.088

Ashoder BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.013 0.003 0.017

Dharmaj BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.054 0.002 0.088

Dehmi BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.003 0.011

Adas BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.057 BDL 0.088

Khambhorej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.018 0.002 0.057

Dabhov BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.020 0.002 0.088

Ambali BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.103 BDL 0.017

Amiyad BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.088 0.003 0.018

Bhalej BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.001 0.055

Sojitra BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.002 0.057

Mughrol BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.088 0.021 0.057




Location


Manganese Mercury Nickel Zinc


Lambhvel 0.066 0.007 0.033 BDL BDL BDL 0.030 0.002 0.058 0.057 0.016 0.012

Bakrol 0.027 0.099 0.051 BDL BDL BDL 0.020 0.014 0.034 0.031 0.077 0.021

Mogri 0.055 0.029 0.083 BDL BDL BDL 0.011 0.012 0.015 0.120 0.055 1.019

Napad 0.012 0.021 0.082 BDL BDL BDL 0.071 0.010 0.012 0.057 0.022 0.041

Napa 0.033 0.069 0.076 BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.010 0.011 0.113 0.027 0.021

Jitodiya 0.013 0.056 0.030 BDL BDL BDL 0.017 0.013 0.025 0.057 0.072 0.087

Gopalpura 0.072 0.020 0.011 BDL BDL BDL 0.034 0.020 0.014 0.006 0.179 0.008

Shapur 0.014 0.006 0.070 BDL BDL BDL 0.057 0.022 0.038 0.029 0.069 0.013

Ankalav 0.066 BDL 0.013 BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.028 0.023 0.026 0.047 0.066

Ashoder 0.091 0.206 0.033 BDL BDL BDL 0.066 0.020 0.021 0.033 0.040 0.029

Dharmaj 0.028 0.046 0.058 BDL BDL BDL 0.060 0.018 0.025 0.011 0.046 0.033

Dehmi 0.066 0.091 0.040 BDL BDL BDL 0.072 0.020 0.060 0.024 0.061 0.018

Adas 1.035 0.066 0.017 BDL BDL BDL 0.006 0.032 0.012 0.029 0.041 0.033

Khambhorej 0.011 0.042 0.087 BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.031 0.031 0.017 0.031 0.066

Dabhov 0.040 0.016 0.043 BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.028 0.015 0.012 0.076 0.096

Ambali 0.032 0.191 0.027 BDL BDL BDL 0.044 0.042 0.032 0.020 0.037 0.030

Amiyad 0.092 0.027 0.058 BDL BDL BDL 0.130 0.027 0.032 0.017 0.018 0.063

Bhalej 0.095 0.021 0.078 BDL BDL BDL 0.033 0.040 0.044 0.057 0.081 0.049

Sojitra 0.014 BDL 0.008 BDL BDL BDL 0.072 0.036 0.014 0.017 0.064 0.038

Mughrol 0.052 0.003 0.063 BDL BDL BDL 0.301 BDL 0.013 0.033 0.021 0.032



Table 7.11 showing total microbial load (2008-2009) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Total count (Log CFU/ml) Total vibrio (Log CFU/ml) Total fecal coliform

(MPN/100ml)

Total streptococci

(MPN/100ml)

W M S W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 3.07 3.69 3.49 2.61 2.25 2.44 180 81 186 131 90 90

Bakrol 4.36 4.76 4.56 3.71 3.38 3.36 110 79 180 140 80 137

Mogri 4.12 4.74 04.5 02.7 2.07 2.11 204 100 130 125 60 161

Napad 05.4 4.69 5.51 1.66 1.44 1.23 90 88 170 148 75 110

Napa 4.35 4.74 4.54 1.57 1.39 1.34 175 105 188 132 65 150

Jitodiya 4.15 4.73 04.5 02.7 2.23 2.49 95 90 122 130 90 105

Gopalpura 5.26 4.71 4.51 2.59 2.46 2.07 203 86 110 135 85 140

Shapur 3.07 3.72 3.55 1.54 1.04 1.43 220 94 175 155 61 160

Ankalav 4.26 04.7 4.44 2.68 2.17 2.25 165 85 160 130 70 95

Ashoder 3.42 4.65 3.49 3.72 01.2 01.5 110 95 188 160 98 121

Dharmaj 4.15 3.71 3.47 2.65 2.32 3.32 202 80 150 140 85 162

Dehmi 4.26 5.76 3.54 1.67 1.23 2.14 170 93 125 155 65 142

Adas 4.39 3.77 4.59 1.56 3.41 1.41 210 85 180 155 75 130

Khambhorej 3.44 4.74 4.56 2.71 2.17 2.27 130 84 140 144 100 142

Dabhov 3.33 5.74 3.53 0.66 1.11 2.04 209 92 187 141 70 98

Ambali 4.44 4.77 3.55 1.55 1.32 1.17 160 88 130 138 71 140

Amiyad 4.18 5.74 4.46 2.67 1.43 1.39 201 80 181 130 72 160

Bhalej 3.33 04.7 3.53 1.65 1.14 02.2 205 91 120 140 60 100

Sojitra 4.35 3.76 04.5 1.53 2.34 1.38 142 90 127 155 101 138

Mughrol 4.05 3.75 4.55 2.68 1.11 1.32 200 95 126 160 110 101



Table 7.12 showing total microbial load (2009-2010) of fresh water carp culture ponds.

Location


Total count (Log CFU/ml) Total vibrio (Log CFU/ml) Total fecal coliform

(MPN/100ml)

Total streptococci

(MPN/100ml)

W M S W M S W M S W M S

Lambhvel 03.8 3.23 3.62 2.64 2.11 2.34 120 98 199 115 75 130

Bakrol 4.38 4.38 4.57 3.64 2.27 2.44 140 94 130 144 112 135

Mogri 4.77 4.34 4.63 2.63 2.38 2.55 175 80 197 100 70 140

Napad 5.78 5.27 05.7 1.56 1.14 1.53 133 105 190 121 85 141

Napa 4.79 4.32 4.58 2.55 1.44 1.43 142 90 201 138 76 138

Jitodiya 4.81 04.2 4.67 2.62 2.36 2.46 160 103 160 95 75 143

Gopalpura 4.72 5.11 4.56 1.63 2.25 2.54 135 97 140 135 78 135

Shapur 4.81 3.17 3.62 2.68 1.23 1.32 170 110 205 140 100 138

Ankalav 2.79 4.49 4.66 1.61 2.43 2.49 155 93 145 131 90 142

Ashoder 02.8 3.25 3.48 3.53 1.07 1.53 160 110 191 120 65 145

Dharmaj 2.78 4.14 03.6 2.62 03.2 03.3 140 102 208 140 80 110

Dehmi 2.76 4.34 4.58 0.66 2.41 2.41 165 90 155 128 60 150

Adas 2.81 4.17 4.63 1.68 1.23 01.5 130 115 175 138 72 121

Khambhorej 02.7 3.17 3.56 01.5 01.3 1.49 140 92 188 132 85 161

Dabhov 2.73 3.11 3.49 1.61 2.39 1.51 132 95 160 100 70 130

Ambali 2.82 4.23 5.61 1.66 02.2 1.39 168 91 190 110 85 125

Amiyad 2.71 03.5 3.57 2.69 2.34 1.53 145 120 188 135 90 162

Bhalej 2.81 04.2 4.62 1.59 2.04 02.5 130 98 177 130 77 121

Sojitra 3.72 3.36 4.55 1.65 2.32 1.38 170 105 195 121 80 98

Mughrol 04.7 4.25 3.63 2.57 2.17 1.54 143 96 180 140 105 130

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