Chapter 7: Chapter 7: ConsciousnessConsciousness

McElhaneyMcElhaney

Point Loma HighPoint Loma High

AP OutlineAP Outline DefinitionsDefinitions What is What is

consciousness?consciousness? Sleep Sleep

Stages of REMStages of REM Stages of Non-REM Stages of Non-REM

SleepSleep Functions of SleepFunctions of Sleep Dysfunctions of Dysfunctions of

SleepSleep Theories of SleepTheories of Sleep Dreaming Dreaming

Variations of Variations of ConsciousnessConsciousness HypnosisHypnosis MeditationMeditation DaydreamingDaydreaming

Psychoactive Drug Psychoactive Drug Effects on Effects on consciousnessconsciousness NarcoticsNarcotics DepressantsDepressants StimulantsStimulants HallucinogensHallucinogens

Consciousness Consciousness Consciousness Consciousness andand altered States of awareness altered States of awareness

are core features of mental life.are core features of mental life. Sleep has 4 stagesSleep has 4 stages Sleep Loss/Sleep Disorders are health problems Sleep Loss/Sleep Disorders are health problems Dreams-Dreams- are meaningful- but question is how are meaningful- but question is how

much.much. Interpreting dreamsInterpreting dreams can cause self-Awareness can cause self-Awareness Hypnosis-Hypnosis- can be useful to change experiences can be useful to change experiences Psychoactive Drugs can be abusedPsychoactive Drugs can be abused Drug abuse- relates to personal maladjustmentDrug abuse- relates to personal maladjustment ““The The Cerebral cortexCerebral cortex is the seat of human is the seat of human

consciousness”consciousness”

DefinitionsDefinitions

To be conscious is to be awareTo be conscious is to be aware

Waking Consciousness = a state of Waking Consciousness = a state of clear organized alertnessclear organized alertness When we are conscious we When we are conscious we can perceive can perceive

time, place, events (Normal time, place, events (Normal Consciousness)Consciousness)

Changes in Consciousness:Changes in Consciousness:Altered States of Altered States of Consciousness Consciousness

(ASC)(ASC) All can change consciousnessAll can change consciousness Are changes in quality and pattern Are changes in quality and pattern

of mental activity examples=of mental activity examples= Shifts in perception, emotions, Shifts in perception, emotions,

memories, time sense, thoughts, self memories, time sense, thoughts, self control, suggestibilitycontrol, suggestibility

What causes ASC?What causes ASC?

Sensory overload (RAVE)Sensory overload (RAVE) Monotonous stimulationMonotonous stimulation Unusual physical condition Unusual physical condition

(Fever/sleep loss)(Fever/sleep loss) Fatigue, delirium, hypnosis, drugs, Fatigue, delirium, hypnosis, drugs,

music, long distance runningmusic, long distance running

Why would someone want Why would someone want to Alter consciousness?to Alter consciousness?

Sweat lodge-Sweat lodge- Sioux Indians, say, sweat Sioux Indians, say, sweat causes cleansing, awareness and causes cleansing, awareness and personal revelationpersonal revelation..

Some cultures seek altered states for Some cultures seek altered states for personal enlightenment and pleasurepersonal enlightenment and pleasure

Cultural views varyCultural views vary Views range from- belief that people are Views range from- belief that people are

Crazy or insightful Crazy or insightful

SleepSleep

We are still sensitive even though We are still sensitive even though we are asleep.we are asleep.

Do the Sleep quiz on page 252Do the Sleep quiz on page 252

Sleep is an innate Biological RhythmSleep is an innate Biological Rhythm We all eventually fall asleepWe all eventually fall asleep

Sleep PatternsSleep Patterns

24 hour rhythms24 hour rhythms Based on light and dark- time Based on light and dark- time

markers are importantmarkers are important Average 7-8 hours of sleepAverage 7-8 hours of sleep As we get older we sleep lessAs we get older we sleep less

Biology and SleepBiology and Sleep

Sleep Sleep hormone in brainhormone in brain and spinal and spinal cord that promotes sleep. (Melatonin cord that promotes sleep. (Melatonin or Orexin) not identified by text.or Orexin) not identified by text.

Micro-sleepMicro-sleep

Brain activity- pattern similar to Brain activity- pattern similar to sleepsleep

Sleeping while awake=Sleeping while awake=

What should you do if you encounter What should you do if you encounter Micro-sleep while driving?Micro-sleep while driving?

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep 4 stages of sleep- 4 stages of sleep- Measured Measured EEG-EEG- electroencephalograph electroencephalograph Brain waves associated with sleep:Brain waves associated with sleep:

Alpha- Alpha- before sleep longer, slower (also when day before sleep longer, slower (also when day dream)dream)

Beta- Beta- awake, small fast wavesawake, small fast waves Sleep Spindles- Sleep Spindles- short burst of distinctive brain short burst of distinctive brain

wave activitywave activity Delta waves- Delta waves- large slow, deep sleep, stage 3large slow, deep sleep, stage 3

2 Types of Sleep- 2 Types of Sleep- REM and NREMREM and NREM

Sleep Stage 1Sleep Stage 1

Beginning Sleep- Beginning Sleep- Breathing, pulse Breathing, pulse

slowslow Body temp dropsBody temp drops

Stage 1Stage 1 Light sleepLight sleep Lose consciousnessLose consciousness Heart rate slows Heart rate slows

even moreeven more Muscles relax- may Muscles relax- may

cause cause Hypnic Jerk-Hypnic Jerk- reflex contractionreflex contraction

Small irregular Small irregular waves and some waves and some Alpha wavesAlpha waves

Stage 2 Sleep DeepensStage 2 Sleep Deepens

Body temp drops furtherBody temp drops further Sleep spindles Waves- short burst of Sleep spindles Waves- short burst of

distinctive brain wave activitydistinctive brain wave activity

Stage 3 Deeper SleepStage 3 Deeper Sleep

New brain wave- New brain wave- Delta waves-Delta waves- large large and slowand slow

Stage 4- Deepest SleepStage 4- Deepest Sleep

Delta Brain wave- large and slowDelta Brain wave- large and slow 1 hour of sleep1 hour of sleep Mostly pure Delta waves- large and Mostly pure Delta waves- large and

slowslow Shift through stages 3, 2, then 1.Shift through stages 3, 2, then 1.

REM SleepREM Sleep Rapid Eye MovementRapid Eye Movement Found in stages 2,3,4Found in stages 2,3,4 20% of night time 20% of night time

sleepsleep 90 minutes per night90 minutes per night Associated with Associated with

dreamingdreaming More REM Sleep More REM Sleep

with with emotional emotional eventsevents like, death in like, death in family, work trouble, family, work trouble, marital conflictmarital conflict

Increases with stressIncreases with stress

Fast irregular EEG Fast irregular EEG pattern, very activepattern, very active

Areas of brain for Areas of brain for imageryimagery and and emotionemotion are more are more activeactive

Heart rate increasesHeart rate increases Sexual ArousalSexual Arousal Body is almost Body is almost

paralyzedparalyzed

Fig. 7.6 (a) Average proportion of time adults spend daily in REM sleep and NREM sleep. REM periods add up to about 20 percent of total sleep time. (b) Typical changes in stages of sleep during the night. Notice that dreams mostly coincide with REM periods.

Non-REM SleepNon-REM Sleep

80 % of sleep time80 % of sleep time Stages 1,2,3,4Stages 1,2,3,4 Usually not Usually not

dreamingdreaming Increases after Increases after

physical exertionphysical exertion May help May help

overcome bodily overcome bodily fatiguefatigue

Sleepwalking or Sleepwalking or Somnambulist-Somnambulist- occurs (usually in occurs (usually in stage 3-4)stage 3-4)

Sleep Deprivation=Sleep Sleep Deprivation=Sleep lossloss

What does sleep deprivation cause?What does sleep deprivation cause? Sleep loss typically causes: Sleep loss typically causes:

Mood changes, trembling hands, drooping Mood changes, trembling hands, drooping eyes, inattention, irritability, starving, eyes, inattention, irritability, starving, increased pain sensitivity, general discomfortincreased pain sensitivity, general discomfort

Maximum recorded = 260 hours without Maximum recorded = 260 hours without sleepsleep

Caused Caused Sleep Deprivation Psychosis Sleep Deprivation Psychosis Loss on contact with reality, hallucinations, Loss on contact with reality, hallucinations,

confusion, disorientation, delusionsconfusion, disorientation, delusions

Sleep DisturbancesSleep Disturbances

InsomniaInsomnia Caused by stress Caused by stress

= temporary= temporary Chronic Chronic

Insomnia/long Insomnia/long termterm Treated by Treated by

Stimulus controlStimulus control Create a regular Create a regular

schedule and schedule and body rhythmbody rhythm

Nightmares and Nightmares and Night Terrors Night Terrors (remedy)(remedy) Imagery rehearsalImagery rehearsal Mentally rehearse a Mentally rehearse a

changed nightmare.changed nightmare. Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

Snoring Snoring Stopping Breathing as Stopping Breathing as

while sleepingwhile sleeping Brain stopping the Brain stopping the

sending of signalssending of signals Also, blockage of air Also, blockage of air

passagespassages

Narcolepsy

Sudden irresistible sleep attackSudden irresistible sleep attack Short term Short term Triggered by an emotional attackTriggered by an emotional attack

Cataplexy-Cataplexy- sudden temporary paralysis sudden temporary paralysis of muscles- ½ of Narcoleptics have this of muscles- ½ of Narcoleptics have this problemproblem

Some indication of hereditySome indication of heredity Closely associated with REM sleepClosely associated with REM sleep

DreamsDreams

Dreams occur 4-5 times per nightDreams occur 4-5 times per night 90 minutes apart90 minutes apart Range Range

11stst dream 10 minutes dream 10 minutes Last dream 30 minutesLast dream 30 minutes

Night TerrorsNight Terrors

Night Terrors: Total panic occurs; Night Terrors: Total panic occurs; hallucinations may occurhallucinations may occur Occurs during Stage 4 sleepOccurs during Stage 4 sleep Most common in childhood; may occur Most common in childhood; may occur

in adultsin adults Not remembered Not remembered

Dreams and MeaningDreams and Meaning

Most researchers agree that dreams reflect Most researchers agree that dreams reflect our waking thoughts, fantasies and emotionsour waking thoughts, fantasies and emotions

Most people dream 4-5 times per nightMost people dream 4-5 times per night Calvin HallCalvin Hall = dream expert = dream expert

Said dreams reflect everyday eventsSaid dreams reflect everyday events Emotionally important people Emotionally important people Actions in dreams are familiar (running, jumping, Actions in dreams are familiar (running, jumping,

talking)talking) ½ of all dreams have sexual elements½ of all dreams have sexual elements

Anger, sadness and fear are Anger, sadness and fear are easier to easier to rememberremember

Dream Theory: Psycho-Dream Theory: Psycho-DynamicDynamic

Freud- Freud- The Interpretation of DreamsThe Interpretation of Dreams (1900)(1900)

What are the main elements of Freud's What are the main elements of Freud's theory?theory?

Said dreams are based on Wish fulfillmentSaid dreams are based on Wish fulfillment An expression of unconscious desiresAn expression of unconscious desires

Emphasis on Emphasis on Internal conflictsInternal conflicts and and unconscious forcesunconscious forces

Ideas expressed through IIdeas expressed through Images/Dream mages/Dream SymbolsSymbols

Other Explanation for Other Explanation for DreamsDreams

The Activation Synthesis The Activation Synthesis Hypothesis:Hypothesis:

Prepared by Hobson and Prepared by Hobson and McCarleyMcCarley

A different A different type of type of thinking occurs as we thinking occurs as we sleepsleep

During REM Sleep certain During REM Sleep certain brain cells are activated brain cells are activated

The frontal area is shut The frontal area is shut downdown

Cortex is activated and is Cortex is activated and is significant in creating significant in creating stories and imagesstories and images

Messages are blocked Messages are blocked to the body so no to the body so no movement occurs movement occurs Cells continue to send Cells continue to send messages messages

The Brain struggles to The Brain struggles to send messages send messages

The brain searches The brain searches through stored through stored memories and this memories and this causes/makes dreamscauses/makes dreams

HypnosisHypnosis

Used as a relaxation toolUsed as a relaxation tool Definition: Altered state of Definition: Altered state of

consciousnessconsciousness Narrowed attentionNarrowed attention Increased openness to suggestionIncreased openness to suggestion

Alternate definition:Alternate definition: “Merely a blend “Merely a blend of conformity, relaxation, of conformity, relaxation, imagination, obedience, suggestion imagination, obedience, suggestion and role playing.”and role playing.”

Hypnosis HistoryHypnosis History

Mesmer- early charlatan = Mesmer- early charlatan = mesmerize = to hypnotizemesmerize = to hypnotize

1700- used suggestion1700- used suggestion

Hypnotic SusceptibilityHypnotic Susceptibility

Key componentKey component Associated with how easily a person Associated with how easily a person

can be hypnotizedcan be hypnotized 8 out of 10 people can be hypnotized8 out of 10 people can be hypnotized 4 of 10 will be good subjects4 of 10 will be good subjects

Must be willingMust be willing Imaginative and prone to fantasyImaginative and prone to fantasy

How to HypnotizeHow to Hypnotize

Focus attentionFocus attention Relax and feel tiredRelax and feel tired Let go + accept suggestionsLet go + accept suggestions Use vivid imaginationUse vivid imagination Must cooperate to be hypnotizedMust cooperate to be hypnotized

How does Hypnosis How does Hypnosis function?function?

Suggestions alter:Suggestions alter: Sensations, perceptions, thoughts, Sensations, perceptions, thoughts,

feelings and behaviorfeelings and behavior Basic Suggestion Effect: Basic Suggestion Effect:

Tendency of hypnosis to carryout Tendency of hypnosis to carryout suggested actions as if they were suggested actions as if they were involuntaryinvoluntary

Hypnosis and Hypnosis and DissociationDissociation

There may be There may be split awarenesssplit awareness

OrOr Hidden Observer Effect-Hidden Observer Effect- the the

detached par tof the hypnotized detached par tof the hypnotized person that silently observesperson that silently observes

Effects of HypnosisEffects of Hypnosis No superhuman acts of strengthNo superhuman acts of strength Memory can be enhanced but not Memory can be enhanced but not

reliablyreliably False memoriesFalse memories

Some amnesia during hypnosisSome amnesia during hypnosis Can relieve some painCan relieve some pain Age regression is possible but skeptical Age regression is possible but skeptical

due to suggestiondue to suggestion Sensory changes can be effected- smell, Sensory changes can be effected- smell,

color vision, hearing, also illusionscolor vision, hearing, also illusions

Sensory Deprivation Sensory Deprivation (SD)=(ASC)(SD)=(ASC)

Refers to major reduction in the amount of Refers to major reduction in the amount of sensory stimulationsensory stimulation Sight, sound…Sight, sound…

Causes misjudgment of timeCauses misjudgment of time Trouble concentratingTrouble concentrating Visual illusionsVisual illusions Slower reactionsSlower reactions Hypnogogic images-Hypnogogic images- vivid surprising vivid surprising

imagesimages Similar to Similar to theta wavestheta waves

Why do people use drugs?Why do people use drugs?

Curiosity,Curiosity, Peer pressure to belongPeer pressure to belong EscapeEscape Feelings of inadequacy…Feelings of inadequacy…

Best predictor of Best predictor of adolescent drug use and adolescent drug use and

abuse: abuse: Having friends who use drugs Having friends who use drugs Parental drug use Parental drug use DelinquencyDelinquency Troubled family life Troubled family life Poor self esteemPoor self esteem Social nonconformity Social nonconformity Stressful life changesStressful life changes

Taking drugs is a symptom of Taking drugs is a symptom of maladjustment- not maladjustment- not necessarily a cause.necessarily a cause.

Description of adolescents who use Description of adolescents who use drugs:drugs:

MaladjustedMaladjusted AlienatedAlienated ImpulsiveImpulsive Emotionally distressedEmotionally distressed Anti-social behaviorAnti-social behavior School failureSchool failure Risky sexual behaviorRisky sexual behavior

People use drugs to cope People use drugs to cope with lifewith life

Drugs produce immediate feelings of Drugs produce immediate feelings of pleasure “Feel good on demand”pleasure “Feel good on demand”

Consequences are delayedConsequences are delayed This dynamic creates a compulsion This dynamic creates a compulsion

to take drugsto take drugs Lifestyle problems result from the Lifestyle problems result from the

habit and effects of the drug usehabit and effects of the drug use