Chapter 7- Energy from Fossil Fuels

Oil: Distribution, Politics and Spills

Natural Gas

Coal

Energy in the News

The Political Price of Mid-Eastern Oil

Fossil Fuels: The Major Energy Source

90% of commercial energy resources come from fossil fuels

Reserves: proven reserves, indicated reserves, inferred reserves

Resources: total amount of the fossil fuel in the world.

How do you define reserves vs resources?

Some states tax reserves: better to underestimate them for tax purposes

World Oil ReservesWho has the most proven oil reserves?Brown=rest of world, Orange=USA+Western countries, Blue=Former Soviet Union, Green= OPEC

King Huppert Oil Depletion Curve

If price goes up, When is half ofThe oil gone?

If price stays low,When is half of the Oil gone?

World Oil and Gas Production

Conventional productionMethods, when is half of the oil and gas gone?

Non conventional production methods, when is half of the oil and gasgone?

What does this tell youAbout your old age?

World Oil Production by Region

Where is the mostOil produced?

Oil Consumption

Who consumes the mostPer capita?

Why?

Another Way to Look at It

Distribution of USA Oil Use

Which sectorUses the most oil?

Why is there a humpIn the curve?

Distillation of Crude Oil

Products of Oil Distillation

Simple Distillation vs Refinery Yield

How are the refinery yields different? What is there more of?Why are the refinery yields different? (What is the incentive for theDifference in yields?)

Politics of Oil Pipelines

Tengiz in Kazachstan:Largest old field foundIn the last 10 years.

Why would Russia notSupport this pipeline?

Bosporus (fault,tankers)

(James Bond movie)

Structural Traps

What type of structural trap isThis?

3 major types of structuralTraps:

Need permeability andPorosity as well as structuralTraps.

(impact craters:Hydrofracturing)

Hazards of Oil Production

Oil Spills: Exxon Valdez (fragility of cold environments0

Largest oil spill during Persian Gulf War

Pumping out tanks: Beaches in Italy with petroleum balls

Primary RecoveryRecovery range1/5 to 1/3 of theOil.

Pump more slowlyAnd get more oil

Why?Think aboutArchitecture of Oil storage

Secondary RecoveryTwo methods: Water and Gas Injection

Tertiary RecoveryRecovers up to 50% of original oil with secondaryAnd primary recovery

End Uses of Natural Gas in USA

Natural Gas Use Since 1930

Where Natural Gas is Found

Natural Gas formsFrom breakdown ofOil at high temperatures

Associated gas: with Oil

Unassociated gas:Without oil

Deep earth gas hypothesis(Tom Gold)

Pipelines for Natural Gas

WhatStates produceThe mostNatural gas?

How canYou tell fromThis picture?

Global Coal ReservesWhat four regions have the most coal?

Types of Coal and Energy Content

US: Coal Consumption by Sector

What sector consumes theMost coal? How does thisContrast with the distributionOf gas and oil use?

Coal Deposits of the USA

Based on Btu yieldPer unit weight,Which are theMost valuable coalDeposits?

Coal Strip Mining ShovelHow big is thisShovel?

(Look at trucksBeneath the shovel)

(Pennsylvania:RT 80)

Petrochemicals in Everyday Life

Alarm clock: coated chipsPerfume: aromatic hydrocarbonsSheets: formaldehyde in non-wrinkling sheetsGargle: Listerine has a relative of phenolToothpaste: contains benzene, chloroform, glycerolShampoo; mineral oil is from petroleumAspirin: derived from phenolAntiseptics: petroleum derivativesMuffin: fertilizer, propylene glycol preserves moistness