Louisiana’s Spanish Colonial Era

Chapter 7

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Section 1: Louisiana Becomes a Spanish Colony

During the French and Indian War, France transferred Louisiana to Spain. This was done with the secret Treaty of Fountainbleu.

France needed money and military aid from Spain. To repay Spain, France gave them Louisiana west of the Mississippi and the “Isle of New Orleans”

The arrangement was hidden from Great Britain so Great Britain wouldn’t be able to gain the colony after they won the French and Indian War.

Section 1: Louisiana Becomes a Spanish Colony

The new colony would be very expensive for Spain to operate.

The military expense alone would be huge; keeping a soldier in Louisiana cost five times as much as in Spain.

Even though it was expensive, Spain really wanted to keep the Louisiana colony to act as a buffer between Great Britain and Mexico.

Section 1: Louisiana Becomes a Spanish Colony

Create a 3-5 sentence paragraph explain why Spain wanted the colony.

Why did Spain want the colony?

1.TTQA2.Correct Answer3.In your own word4.Supporting

Evidence5.Academic

Language

Bellringer

How did Spain gain control of the Louisiana colony?

What is the cost and benefit for Spain keeping the Louisiana colony?

Acadians

The Acadians

The Acadians

The French and Indian War also brought new colonist to Louisiana.

The Acadians were exiles from French Acadia when it became controlled by the British.

The Acadians were peasants who had come from France to Acadia, Canada.

The land, their families, and their Catholic faith defined their lives.

Early in the French and Indian War, a British officer claimed the Acadians were enemies because they refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Protestant British king.

As a result, the British evicted the Acadians from their land.

The Acadians

They were sent to the British colonies to “learn to become good British subjects”

After this failed, they began making their war to Louisiana.

The Acadians

Why were the Acadians driven from their homeland?

1. TTQA2. Correct Answer3. In your own word4. Supporting Evidence5. Academic Language

Label the oceans

The Secret Transfer

Read page 213 “The Secret Transfer” Answer the following question:

How did the people in the colony react when they finally learned of

the transfer to Spain?1. TTQA2. Correct Answer3. In your own word4. Supporting Evidence5. Academic Language

Arrival of the Spanish Governor

The Spanish Government sent Antonio de Ulloa to Louisiana as its governor. Ulloa was a high-ranking navel officer with experience in other Spanish colonies.

Unfortunately, he was not a forceful leader. His quiet manner and low-key style were not effective with these people who did not accept his authority.

He arrived in New Orleans with 75 soldiers and one ship. The small number of soldiers made a poor showing of strength.

When he arrived he didn’t formally transfer the colony to Spain. Instead of taking official control, he worked with the French officials to conduct the business of the colony.

This was confusing to the colonist.

Arrival of the Spanish Governor

Positives: Improved colonists’ safety by touring and

inspecting the forts. He communicated with the nearby British

governor to have positive connection. He sought a good relationship with the Indians

bringing them gifts. Negatives:

Limiting the colony’s trade to only Spanish ports Ulloa held a private wedding and did not invite

the colonist. He also did not host social events as the

previous governors had.

Arrival of the Spanish Governor

Label the Major U.S. Cities

1

6

54

3

2

7

The Rebellion

The colonist were afraid that with the transfer of the colony to Spain, Spanish culture would be forced upon them.

The colonists still considered the colony French because they did not accept the authority of Ulloa.

On October 28, 1768, an armed mob had gathered in New Orleans. All of the colonist were represented by the mob.

The Germans wanted to be paid for the produce purchased from their farms

The Acadians came because Ulloa had forced them to settle near natchez instead of near their relatives in St. Gabriel.

The Rebellion

Ulloa could do nothing to stop the rebellion. He had already sent nearly all of the soldiers out to the frontier forts leaving only 10 soldiers in New Orleans.

Ulloa took his family and fled from New Orleans.

The colonist sent a lengthy explanation to the French King begging him to return the colony to the French family. The king ignored their request.

The Rebellion

When Ulloa reached Havana, he sent a report of the rebellion to Spain. The Spanish considered the colonists’ actions to be treason .

Spain sent a new governor. Alejandro O’Reilly, a strong and forceful military leader. He was known as a hero after once saving the king from a mob.

O’Reilly only with 3,000 soldiers and 24 ships were sent to enforce the king’s orders. (population of New Orleans less than 4,000)

Arrival of the Military

When O’Reilly arrived at the fort south of New Orleans, the ringleaders of the rebellion rushed to tell him their side of the story. They said they were rebelling against Spain. They just opposed Ulloa.

O’Reilly politely listened to their complaints and the colonist returned to New Orleans thinking everything was okay.

When O’Reilly arrived in New Orleans, he paraded his troops in Place d’Armes while cannons fired. The Spanish officials hosted a formal ceremony in the church.

Arrival of the Military

O’Reilly made sure the colonists knew the Louisiana was a Spanish colony and must conduct itself as itself properly.

After placing the leaders of the rebellion on trial, they were sentenced to death. Others were sent to prison. This earned him the nickname “Bloody O’Reilly”

He required all colonists to take an oath of allegiance to Spain. Anyone not willing to take the oath had to leave the colony.

Arrival of the Military

Compare and Contrast the two Spanish Governors

Governor Ulloa Governor O’Reilly

Label the Continents

Spanish Control

O’Reilly was also charged with removing French power and French law from the now-Spanish colony. He organized the government and military according to the Spanish policies.

O’Reilly used the Spanish colonial law as the model for Louisiana. He replaced the French Superior Council with the Spanish Cabildo.

Cabildo – the governing body of Spanish Louisiana, made legal decisions, set policy for the colony, and advised the governor.

Spanish Control

O’Reilly intended to stop British smugglers who were illegally trading across the bayou.

Because prices for food were so high, O’Reilly set the prices that merchants could charge so colonist could afford to buy the Spanish goods being imported.

He also made changed to the French slave laws, abolishing Indian slavery.

Spanish Control

O’Reilly also ordered a census (official population count) to provide detailed information to Spain.

An official surveyor was appointed to measure and mark off boundary lines to establish land ownership.

Then O’Reilly, after doing his job to get order in the colony, returned to Spain handing the colony over to it’s next governor.

Spanish Control

Read page 218 “Louisiana under Unzaga”

Discuss with your team how Unzaga handled trade.

Create a written response to the following question:

How did Unzaga handle trade?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_E2CNZIlVIg

Islenos

Read page 219 “Islenos”

Discuss with your team why the Islenos came to Louisiana

Create a written response answering the following question:

Why did Spain send the Islenos to Louisiana?

Louisiana in the American Revolution

Tensions between Great Britain and the American colonies continue to build.

Spain was glad to see its old enemy Great Britain in trouble. The Spanish secretly supported the Americans with supplies from New Orleans.

Realizing Spain was nearing war, a governor with a strong military background was needed.

In 1777, Spain named Bernardo de Galvez the next colonial governor of Louisiana.

Spain was officially neutral in regards to the American Revolution but Galvez continued to aid the Americans secretly.

Guns, gunpowder, medicine, and cloth were sent to the Americans.

Louisiana in the American Revolution

Spain entered the war in 1779 as allies with France.

Galvez receives orders to force the British from the Mississippi River, Mobile, and Pensacola.

He went on the offensive. He wanted to weaken the British before they could seize New Orleans and access to the Mississippi River

Louisiana in the American Revolution

Galvez organized a force of Spanish soldiers and local militia (citizen soldiers). Men between the ages of 16-65 were required to serve in the militia.

Galvez left New Orleans with almost 1500 men and marched over 100 miles to Fort Bite at Manchac. There he captured the British fort.

Louisiana in the American Revolution

From there, Galvez took his men upriver to the British fort at New Richmond. (located at present day Baton Rouge)

Galvez seized the fort. Additionally, the British commander also surrendered Fort Panmure at Natchez.

Galvez had captured all the British forts along the Mississippi in the British West Florida.

Louisiana in the American Revolution

Next Galvez set his eyes 0n Pensacola, the capital of British West Florida. But in order to take Pensacola, Galvez would have to seize the fort at Mobile.

Galvez knew this would come one day. So he sent a Spanish officer to discuss runaway slaves. But he was actually there to spy on the fort in Pensacola and Mobile

Louisiana in the American Revolution

Hurricanes delayed Galvez on his march to Mobile.

After reorganizing his ships, supplies, and troops he captured Mobile.

Galvez is delayed by a 3rd hurricane.

After reorganizing again, Galvez victoriously seized the fort at Pensacola.

Louisiana in the American Revolution

Losing these forts and access to the Gulf of Mexico kept the British from making further attacks in the southwest.

For his victory and bravery, the king of Spain honored Galvez with a royal title.

The United States also honor Galvez with a statue in the nation’s capital.

Louisiana in the American Revolution

The War Ends

When the war ended, Spain was rewarded with much of the territory it wanted in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

Florida became Spanish again. Spain currently held the most territory in the Americas.

After the American Revolution, Galvez got promoted to another assignment. A new governor was sent to Louisiana.

Esteban Rodriguez Miro became the governor of Louisiana from 1785-1791.

Spanish Louisiana After the American Revolution

Miro faced major problems with the Native Americans. He worked hard to continue trade with the Native Americans.

Miro feared the Americans would start moving closer to Spanish Florida and Louisiana.

The Spanish allowed the Americans to come to Louisiana but expected them to be loyal to Spain. If the Americans took an oath of allegiance, they were given a Spanish land grant.

Spanish Louisiana After the American Revolution

He decided to organize the Americans settling in the colony so they were mixed with the established colonist.

He also requested Irish priest to come to the colony. The Irish priest spoke English and Miro hoped they would encourage the Americans to become proper Catholics.

Spanish Louisiana After the American Revolution

Miro faced another crisis in New Orleans. In 1788, a fire destroyed 856 homes and left 1,000 people homeless.

The fire also destroyed the food storage. Without the food supply, the colony was facing a potential famine.

The Cabildo, the prison, and the police station were burned.

Even though these buildings were rebuilt, their was a second fire in 1794 that destroyed many of the same buildings.

Spanish Louisiana After the American Revolution

Miro’s handling of the fires and the willingness of Spain to loosen trade laws improved life in the colony.

The population increased and new settlements were established.

Spanish Louisiana After the American Revolution

Team Talk

Discuss 3 challenges faced by Governor Miro

Create a written response:What three challenges did Governor

Miro face?1.TTQA2.Correct Answer3.In your own word4.Supporting Evidence5.Academic Language

Team Talk

Read: “Growth” on page 228. Discuss: How did Governor

Carondelet handle trade?

Create a written response:How did Governor Carondelet handle

trade?1.TTQA2.Correct Answer3.In your own word4.Supporting Evidence5.Academic Language

The French Revolution

https://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/frenchrevolution/

After French King Louis XVI was beheaded, Spain’s King Carlos IV could no longer ignore the threat of the French Revolution. In 1793, Spain declared war on France.

The French Revolution

Talk about the French Revolution captured the interest of the people of Louisiana.

The French heritage of many colonists connected them to the people of France. They were also attracted to the ideas of freedom because they had lived far from a king for several generations.

The increasing interest in the French Revolution brought action from the Spanish governor. Governor Carondelet sought support from Indian tribes incase colonist rebelled.

He established a police force and added street lights

The French Revolution

In France, the situation became more violent and the “Reign of Terror” began. Those who were loyal to the king were in constant danger of being beheaded. Many of those people escaped France and fled to Louisiana.

They settled in New Orleans, St. Martinville, and New Iberia.

The French Revolution

Team Talk

Read “Boundary Disputes” on page 229.

Discuss with your team the results of Pinckney’s Treaty.

Create a written response to:What was the result of Pinckney’s

Treaty?1.TTQA2.Correct Answer3.In your own words4.Supporting

Evidence5.Academic

Language

The Final Spanish Years

Even though Louisiana was a Spanish colony, the culture of Louisiana was still French. People still spoke French. The first newspaper was printed in French. The dancing and wine were French.

The Spanish priest were offended and complained because the colonist disrespected the church regulations. They often did not attend church services.

The colony’s economy began to improve when sugar cane became a profitable crop.

Etienne de Bore was the first successful sugar producer. He improved an experimental process and manufactured a good quality sugar.

The Final Spanish Years

Other experienced sugar planters moved into Louisiana from Saint-Domingue (Haiti) after the slave rebellion there.

Because of the slave rebellion, many planters in Louisiana were afraid slaves would rebel against them. As a result, Carondelet stopped the importation of slaves for a while.

The Final Spanish Years

Louisiana continued to cost Spain more than it made them. As a result,

Spain is going to secretly return Louisiana back to France for a brief

period.

Later they would become Americans

Again, the colonist knew nothing of the coming changes.

The Final Spanish Years